Political theory
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Andrew Heywood Political Theory Third E
partnership’ 73 benign view 67 ‘best which governs least’ (Jefferson) 44, 189 ‘big’ 80 by consent 200 constitutional 92, 144, 226, 354 democratic 92, 205 ‘difficult to classify’ 65 distinguished from ‘state’ 78 East Asia 72 functions 65 growth 222 institutions 65 Islamic 72 laissez-faire 334 limited 27, 155, 189, 190, 251, 268, 334–5 local/regional 61 minimal 258 military 72 mixed 205 national 108, 117 origins 30 for people 221, 240 post-communist 71 purpose 66–8, 268 representative (microcosm of society) 238–9 social contract 117 social responsibilities (‘broad’ and ‘narrow’) 304–5 and state 75–8 strong 138 government intervention 211, 245, 294, 316, 319–20, 337, 338, 340, 341 government ‘overload’ (A. King, 1975) 80, 148, 313 government regulation 342 Gramsci, A. 84, 146 Gray, J. 13, 266, 374 Great Depression 342 ‘great men’ 37–8 Green, T.H. 28, 30, 261–2, 310 Green movement 193, 368 Greer, G. 23, 277 Growing Up Absurd (Goodman, 1960) 367 Guardians/philosopher-kings (Plato) 21, 229, 230, 321, 364 Habermas, J. 147–8, 279, 280 Haeckel, E. 193 Hailsham, Lord 155 Index 397 Hampshire, S. 261 happiness 303, 358 ‘greatest for greatest number’ (Bentham) 244, 260, 357, 358, 359 pursuit of 188, 190, 203 Harcourt Brace & Company xvi hard work 315 harm principle (J.S. Mill) 160, 161–2, 256–7, 269, 271 Hart, H.L.A. 159, 196 Hartz, L. 352 Hattersley, R. 262 Hayek, F. 31, 38, 44, 293, 294–5, 304, 319, 330, 332, 338 health/health care 125, 191, 256, 296, 304, 313, 328 health and safety 305 Heater, D. 209 Hegel, G.W.F. 30, 39, 41, 56, 58, 59, 279 Hegelian philosophy 82 ‘hegemonic project’ 149 hegemony 84, 146 Heidegger, M. 8, 58 Herder, J.G. (1744–1803) 261 Herman, E. 147 Herzen, A. (1812–70) 261 Hidden Persuaders (Packard, 1960), 127 hierarchy 134, 310 Hind Swaraj (Gandhi, 1909) 180 Hinduism 25, 49, 103, 192, 194, 281 Hirst, P. 109 historical materialism 82, 83, 372 historicism 354 history 12, 37–40, 59, 138, 139, 246, 349, 350, 365 ‘beyond human control’ 352 ‘forward march’ 353, 354–5 inevitable march 361 ‘laws’ (Marx and Engels) 153 Marxist theory 372 myths 351 onward march 351 pessimistic view 352 process of ‘natural selection’ 348 universal theories 8 ‘Whig interpretation’ 353–4 History of England (Macaulay) 353–4 ‘history of present’ (Foucault) 129 History of Russian Revolution (Trotsky, 1931) 84 History of Sexuality (Foucault, 1976) 129 Hitler, A. 39, 92, 106, 112, 116, 132, 134, 135, 144, 245, 270, 350 Hobbes, T. 22–3, 76, 78, 90–1, 96, 123, 158, 159, 163, 165, 198, 199, 200, 203, 246, 258 ‘solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, short’ 66, 123, 162 Hobhouse, L.T. 28, 310 Hobson, J.A. 308 Hohfeld, W. 185–6 Holmes, O.W. 159 homelessness 126, 211, 262, 289, 328, 331–2 homosexuality 161, 162, 266 Hong Kong 72, 327 Hoover, H. 32 Horkheimer, M. 279–80 housing 125, 304, 307, 328, 342 How Are We to Live (Singer, 1993) 359 human behaviour 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 32 anti-social 166, 356 socially-conditioned 16 human beings ‘gene machines’ 18 mass-produced in laboratories 368 political animals (or not) 55, 57 ‘social animals’ 42 ‘thinking machines’ 21, 22 Human Condition (Arendt, 1958) 57, 58 human nature 8, 15, 16–26, 38, 50, 57, 67, 101, 139, 158, 163, 167, 188, 217, 241, 244, 253, 263, 298 competition versus cooperation 23–6 ‘corrupted by society’ 168 ‘higher’ and ‘lower’ self (Rousseau) 263 highly individualistic view 358 imperfect and unperfectable 372 innate 16 intellect versus instinct 20–3 nature versus nurture 17–20 normative models 16–17 optimistic assumptions 365, 369 optimistic view 171–2, 200 pessimistic view 166 ‘social essence’ 25 universal 106 human perfectibility 338 human rights 96, 119, 157–8, 181, 184, 185, 186, 188–91, 208, 218, 256, 296, 358 Human Rights Act (UK, 1998) 155, 176, 186 humanitarian intervention 96 Hume, D. (1711–76) 299 Hungary 330, 336 Huxley, A. 281, 368 id 23 Idea of Revolution in Nineteenth Century (Proudhon, 1851) 367 ideal Husband (Wilde) vi ideal-types (Weber) 5–6, 133 idealism 59, 369, 370 identity xv, 45–9, 216, 364 personal 27 social 167 ‘identity politics’ 46 398 Index ideological hegemony 128, 142, 145–7 ideology 5, 69, 84, 279 ‘bourgeois’ 82, 128, 145 capitalist 337 Marxist tradition 146 ‘official’ 145 image 237, 249 imagination 2 ‘imagined communities’ (Anderson) 101 immigration 104, 167, 198, 217 immunities 186 imperialism 98, 102, 103, 105 cultural 13, 104, 191 Imperialism: Highest Stage of Capitalism (Lenin, 1916) 84, 274 ‘impossibility theorem’ (Arrow) 250 incentives 298, 331 economic 292 material 295 income differentials 294, 342–3 sports stars v. nurses 343 India 48, 71, 94, 113, 149, 180, 202, 235 Indian Planning Commission 327 indifference 264, 265, 266 individual 15, 26–40, 58, 59, 138, 181, 199–200 and community 32–4 implications and political significance 26 in politics 37–40 individual effort 290 merits 315 responsibility 32, 57, 138, 148, 260, 262, 304, 308, 311, 312, 313, 350 rights 70, 78, 136, 144 individualism 7, 27–32, 41, 43–4, 50, 149, 304, 314, 337, 338 atomized 139 developmental 31 ethical (Kant) 117 liberal 288 Marxist attack 82 normative principle 31 ‘possessive’ (Macpherson) 28, 300 individuality 27, 28, 30 individuals 140, 243, 256, 260, 373 atomized 342 cultural inheritance, 38–9 ‘embodied’ (Taylor) 216 exclusive right to product of their own labour 318 and institutions 39 ‘natural’ endowments 302 relationship with society 39–40 rights and liberties 57 indoctrination 127, 130, 145, 146, 368 Indonesia 98 Industrial Revolution 362 industrialization 68, 109, 150, 193, 351, 355, 374 advanced 307 early 307 industry capital-intensive 329 nationalized 324 inefficiency 315, 324, 330, 331 inequality 31, 67, 108, 156, 167, 306, 342, 371 economic 319 global 343 material 293, 297, 299 natural 230, 289 ‘natural’ v. ‘social’ causes 290 prosperous minority 310 Rawls 297 social 168, 187, 298, 310, 315 inflation 148, 313, 335 influence 122, 124 information (central planning) 331 information revolution/society 7, 108, 109 information technology 228 inheritance 290–1, 342 injustice 180 ‘equal treatment of unequals’ 293 innovation 339, 350, 335, 356 instinct 20–3 institutions 44, 346, 348, 350, 351 human 201 individuals and 39 social 369 welfare state 304 ‘instrumental reason’ (Adorno and Horkheimer) 280 insurance, medical and accident, 307 ‘integral nationalism’ (Maurras) 105 intellect 20–3 intelligence quotient (IQ) 290, 293 inter-war era (1918–39) 111, 112 interest groups 74, 122, 126, 227, 244, 247 interests 240 ‘felt’ 240–1, 245 ‘private’ 241, 242, 243, 245, 251 problem of definition 240–1 public 241 ‘real’ 240–1, 245 intergovernmentalism 110–13, 119 internationalism 89, 106, 116 internationalization (economic life) 118 internet 107, 108 Interpretation and Social Criticism (Walzer, 1987) 36 intimidation 122, 131, 132, 142, 163 intolerance 265–6, 267, 268, 269, 366, 373 ‘best way of tackling’ 271 ‘may be moral duty’ 266 Introduction to Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham, 1789) 359 Index 399 Introduction to Study of Law of Constitution (Dicey, 1885) 154 Inuits 214 ‘invisible hand’ (Smith) 333, 334, 338, 370 Iran 72 Iranian Revolution (1979) 49, 349, 362 Iraq 118 Irish 100 Irish Republican Army (IRA) 179 Islam/Muslims 25, 49, 103, 171, 217, 271–2 Islamic fundamentalism 49, 72, 102–3, 160, 266, 272 Israel 43, 76, 96, 98, 143, 274 Italy 34, 111, 112, 205, 209 Jacobins 206 Japan 72, 111, 112, 249, 327, 328–9 Japan: Ministry of International Trade and Industry 327 Jaspers, K.T. 58 Jaure`s, J. 31 Jefferson, T. 44, 157, 188, 189 Jensen, A. 290 Jewry/Jews 48, 98, 162, 182, 198, 217, 287 job creation programmes (‘counter- productive’) 312 Johnson, L. 39, 310 Johnson, S. 3 Joseph, K. 293 Judaism 25 Judeo-Christianity 364 judges 95, 159, 175, 177, 187 judicial review 143, 187 judiciary 65, 79, 155–6, 177, 178, 187, 206, 226 juries 175, 209, 224 justice 35, 152, 173–82, 183, 286 ‘activism’ 178 distinguished from ‘law’ 181 entitlement theory 318 equal treatment 176 ‘essentially-contested’ concept 173 law-breaking (civil disobedience) 178–82 ‘legal’ 173 liberal principle 299 miscarriages 175 ‘natural’ 175, 301 presumption of innocence 175 procedural/formal 174–6, 299, 300 rights-based theory (Nozick) 338 socialist theory 295 substantive 176–8 ‘justice as fairness’ (Rawls) 31, 297, 298 Justinian, Emperor 176 Kant, I. 30, 116, 117, 279 Karl Marx (Berlin, 1939) 261 Kashmir 49 Kautsky, K. 228 Kennedy, J.F. 212 Keynes, J.M. 38, 342 Keynesian economic policies 86 Khalistan 99 Khomeini, Ayatollah R. 103, 271 Khrushchev, N.S. 330 kibbutz system 43 King, A. 148 King, M.L. 48, 180 kinship groups 56, 101 knowledge 4, 8, 246 ‘an authority’ 133 Kant 117 perfect 334 ‘socially-determined’ 129 Koedt, A. 277–8 Korea 118 Kosovo 96 kratos (Gr., ‘power’) 221 Kristol, I. 34, 140, 167 Kropotkin, P. 25, 26, 35, 67, 168, 202, 367, 369 Kuhn, T. 11–12 Kymlicka, W. 214, 216–17 labour 295, 299, 319, 322, 328, 336 cheap 274 creative 262 ‘mere commodity’ 262 unalienated 263 labour market 340 Labour Party (UK) 40 labour power 47 labour theory of value (Marx) 321 Laclau, E. 47 Laing, R.D. 281 laissez-faire 28, 29, 30, 189, 258, 307, 334, 337–40, 350, 351, 359 land 317, 322, 326 common 321 ‘private plots’ (Soviet Union) 330 language 1, 2–3, 7, 9, 13, 49, 63, 115, 196, 214, 215, 262 Laslett P. 11 Lasswell, H. 60 Latin America 72, 300, 355 Latvia 92 law 21, 28, 65, 66, 67, 73, 76, 77, 90, 91, 92, 117, 131, 132, 152, 153–62, 165, 166, 174, 175, 183, 198, 199, 201, 215, 229, 254, 258, 263, 267, 268, 289, 301, 317 authority 182 consensus/non-consensus (Devlin) 177, 178 constitutional 143 content 156 400 Index customary 347 distinguished from ‘justice’ 181 EU 114 exemptions 218 feminist theory 64 human 158 international 89, 96, 157–8, 158–9, 208, 210 judge-made 95, 159 just and unjust 152 liberal theory 154 and liberty 159–62 national 157–8 ‘natural’ 192, 357, 348 natural and positive 156–9 obedience 153, 156, 197, 223 ‘organized violence’ (Tolstoy) 168 Download 1.87 Mb. 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