Producer price indices volume 2002, Supplement 2
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Price Indices
© 2002 From an inflation point of view, the effects of changes in asset prices, interest rates, exchange rates, direct taxes, wage rates, raw material prices, etc. all need to be measured and analysed in addition to consumer price inflation. But the general view is that this is best done using a family of price indices, of which the CPI is an important member covering only consumer goods and services. Furthermore, analysis for monetary policy making and monitoring requires measures of inflation excluding the effects of economic levers such as interest rates and taxes. Durable goods – These are goods, which are not consumed within one period (year) but instead provide a flow of services over several periods. They are distinguished from capital/investment goods, which also provide a flow of services, by their services being used in final consumption whereas the services from capital goods are used in production. A true cost of living index would take the "user cost" approach and attempt to price this flow of services, rather than the initial cost of the durable good. One method for pricing the services might be to use rental prices for the good, if such prices exist, as a proxy but this approach is often not feasible in practice. The user cost approach is generally viewed as inappropriate for inflation and compensation indices where it is actual monetary outlays that are of interest. Thus, the usual practice is to monitor acquisition prices (with weights calculated on a net expenditure basis where second-hand markets exist for a good, such as vehicles etc.). Second-hand goods – Second-hand markets exist for most durable goods and household expenditure on second-hand goods is generally considered to be within scope of a CPI, except that the weight should be calculated based on net expenditure and not total expenditure. Imputed expenditure – Should expenditure be imputed for the consumption of goods and services acquired via non-monetary transactions, i.e., acquired as income in kind? This includes the consumption of: • own production, such as agricultural goods, owner-occupied housing services; • goods and services acquired as wages and salaries in kind; • goods and services acquired as social transfers in kind, e.g., subsidies from governments and non profit institutions serving households (NPISHs); • goods and services acquired through barter. The general view is that imputed expenditures should not be included in CPI weights (although a true cost of living index following the user cost approach would include them), since for the purposes of inflation monitoring and as a compensation index, a CPI should reflect changes in prices actually paid by the reference population. Consistent with its inflation monitoring objective, Eurostat states that the aim of the HICP is to measure inflation faced by consumers, where the concept of “household final monetary consumption expenditure” (HFMCE) defines both the goods and services to be covered, and the price concept to be used, i.e., prices net of reimbursements, subsidies and discounts. HFMCE refers only to monetary transactions and includes neither consumption of own production or consumption of goods and services received as income in kind. Where CPI components are used to deflate national accounts HFCE values, however, it would be appropriate to include imputed expenditures so that the coverage of the price index matches the coverage of the value aggregate being deflated. For example, deflators for the HFCE on food groups should be weighted to include imputed expenditure for the consumption of own-account production of agricultural goods and any food received as wages and salaries in kind. Owner-occupied housing |
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