Product quality and life cycle, stages

In addition, from the point of view of the last use of goods, they are divided into two groups: consumer goods and production - goods intended for technical purposes. Bundan tashqari tovarlarga so‘nggi qo‘llanilishi nuqtai nazaridan qaraganda ular ikki guruhga bo‘linadi: iste’mol tovarlari va ishlab chiqarish – texnik maqsadlarga mo‘ljallangan tovarlar.
Consumer goods are the most necessary goods intended to satisfy the personal needs of people. In turn, consumer goods are divided into groups of goods that are carefully selected, goods of special importance, and goods for which the demand is very small. Iste’mol tovarlari – bu bevosita insonlarning shaxsiy ehtiyojlarini qondirishga mo‘ljallangan eng zarur tovarlardir. O‘z navbatida iste’mol tovarlari jiddiy tanlanadigan tovarlar, alohida ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan tovarlar, talab juda kichik bo‘lgan tovarlar guruhlariga bo‘linadi.
Consumer goods are consumer goods that the buyer often buys without thinking about it and almost without comparing it with other goods. Serious selection goods - these include goods that at the time of purchase are compared with similar goods in terms of quality, price, appearance, usability. For example, clothes, furniture, electrical goods can be included in this group. Kundalik ehtiyoj tovarlari – bu iste’mol tovarlari bo‘lib, xaridor uni o‘ylamasdan va boshqa tovarlar bilan deyarlik taqqoslamasdan, tez-tez xarid qiladigan tovarlardir. Jiddiy tanlov tovarlari – bularga sotib olish vaqtida sifati, narxi, tashqi ko‘rinishi, yaroqlilik darajasi kabi ko‘rsatkichlari bo‘yicha o‘xshash tovarlar bilan solishtiriladigan tovarlar kiradi. Masalan, kiyim-kechak, mebel, elektrotovarlarni shu guruhga kiritish mumkin.
Distinctive goods are goods that have a unique description or are associated with a well-known company name. For example, a unique brand of car, very expensive jewelry. Goods with very small demand - these are goods of low consumption, and usually buyers do not think of buying these goods. For example, new goods. It is necessary to carry out a lot of marketing efforts to sell the goods of this group. Goods intended for production-technical purposes are goods purchased by individuals and organizations for the continuation of production of other goods or for use in the business sector. Alohida ahamiyatga ega bo‘lgan tovarlar – bular tengi yo‘q tavsifga ega bo‘lgan yoki mashhur firmaning nomi bilan bog‘liq bo‘lgan tovarlardir. Masalan, mashinaning noyob markasi, o‘ta qimmatbaho taqinchoqlar. Talab juda kichik bo‘lgan tovarlar – bular kam iste’mol tovarlari bo‘lib, odatda xaridorlar bu tovarlarni sotib olishni o‘ylamaydilar. Masalan, yangi tovarlar. Bu guruh tovarlarini sotish uchun anchagina marketing harakatlarini bajarishga to‘g‘ri keladi. Ishlab chiqarish–texnik maqsadlarga mo‘ljallangan tovarlar – bu yakka shaxslar va tashkilotlar tomonidan boshqa tovarlarni ishlab chiqarishni davom ettirish yoki biznes sohasida foydalanish uchun sotib olinadigan tovarlardir.
One of the elements associated with a product is its brand. A brand is a name, term, sign, image, symbol, which is used to identify a specific product. In this way, the product is easily distinguished from the competitors. A branded product stands out among the mass of goods, it has a positive image in the minds of consumers. Tovar bilan bog‘liq elementlardan biri uning markasi hisoblanadi. Marka – bu nom, atama, belgi, rasm, simvol bo‘lib, u muayyan tovarni identifikasiyalashda qo‘llaniladi. Bu bilan tovar raqobatchilar tovaridan osongina farqlanadi. Markali tovar tovarlarning umumiy massasi orasidan yaqqol ko‘rinadi, iste’molchilar ongida u ijobiy tasavvurga egadir.
Implementation of brand policy involves choosing a brand name, determining the brand's market power, and finally developing a brand strategy. The name of the brand should, first of all, reflect the characteristics and main quality of the product and should not correspond to other signs. Marka siyosatini amalga oshirish marka nomini tanlash, markaning bozor kuchini aniqlash va nihoyat, marka strategiyasini ishlab chiqish bilan bog‘liq. Markaning nomi, avvalo, tovarning xususiyati, asosiy sifatini aks ettirishi va boshqa belgilarga to‘g‘ri kelmasligi kerak.
The life cycle of the product is the period of time from the time the product appears on the market until it ceases to be sold. The concept of the product life cycle is based on the fact that no matter how perfect a product is, sooner or later it will be displaced from the market by a better product. In practice, the range of the product life cycle is quite wide, it can be from one-day product to a product that maintains its position in the market for a long time. Tovarning hayotiy davri – tovarning bozorda paydo bo‘lgan davridan boshlab, to uning sotilmay qolishigacha bo‘lgan vaqt oralig‘idir. Tovarning hayotiy davri konsepsiyasi har qanday tovar qanchalik darajada mukammal bo‘lmasin, bu tovar bozordan ertami-kech undan ham mukammalroq tovar tomonidan siqib chiqarilishiga asoslanadi. Amaliy faoliyatda tovar hayotiy davrining diapazoni ancha keng bo‘lib, u bir kunlik tovardan bozorda o‘z o‘rnini uzoq vaqt davomida saqlab qoluvchi tovargacha bo‘lishi mumkin.
The concept of the life cycle of the product was first defined by the American marketer T. Levitt in 1965. The essence of this theory is that the product goes through its life cycle like a living organism. It is known that a living organism goes through the stages of development, then birth, then maturity, old age, and ends its life cycle with death. In similar terms, a product's life cycle goes through stages such as production, market entry, growth, maturity, and exit. Tovarning hayotiy davri konsepsiyasi ilk bor amerikalik marketolog T.Levitt tomonidan 1965 yilda tariflangan edi. Ushbu nazariyaning mohiyati shundan iboratki, tovar o‘ziga xos tirik organizm kabi hayotiy davrini o‘taydi. Ma’lumki, tirik organizm rivojlanish, keyin tug‘ilish, so‘ngra yetuklik, qarilik bosqichlarini o‘tib, o‘lim bilan o‘z yashash davrini tugatadi. Shunga o‘xshash qiyoslasak, tovar hayotiy davri jarayonida ishlab chiqarish, bozorga chiqish, o‘sish, yetuklik va chiqish kabi bosqichlarni o‘taydi.