Rail transport in the Soviet Union

Railway Higher Senior Middle Junior Ordinary Locomotive
Ministry Leadership Leadership Leadership Leadership Workers Engineers

Source:^[66]

A = Minister of Railways; B = First Deputy Minister of Railways, C = Deputy Minister of Railways; 1 = Locomotive Engineer First Class; 2 = Locomotive Engineer Second Class; 3 = Locomotive Engineer Third Class.

Grade insignia for rail workers 1963-1973
Worn on the lower sleeves of the uniform coat.

	Station	Station	Station
Station				Locomotive
	Master	Master	Master	Assistant
Master of				Engineer Motorcar
	of 3rd	of 4th	of 5th	Locomotive
2nd class				3rd/4th Driver
	class	class	class	Engineer
station				Class
	station	station	station
Source:^[67]

Senior
Worker
Worker





Grade insignia for rail workers 1973-1979
Worn on the lower sleeves of the uniform coat.

Higher Leadership


Senior Leadership

Worn on the lower sleeves of the uniform coat.

Source:^[69]

Middle Leadership


Junior Leadership


Ordinary Workers

In English

• 
  Boublikoff, A.A. "A suggestion for railroad reform" in book: Buehler, E.C. (editor) "Government ownership of railroads", Annual debater's help book (vol. VI), New York, Noble and Noble, 1939; pp. 309-318. Original in journal "North American Review, vol. 237, pp. 346+. (Title is misleading. It's 90% about Russian/Soviet railways.)
  
• 
  Hunter, Holland. Soviet Transport Experience: Its Lessons For Other Countries, Brookings Institution 1968.
  
• 
  Omrani, Bijan. Asia Overland: Tales of Travel on the Trans-Siberian and Silk Road (https://boo ks.google.com/books?id=I7USQgAACAAJ&dq=omrani+asia+overland&hl=en&ei=pL43Tq-1 I5SyhAeGzdmoAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA) Odyssey Publications, 2010ISBN 962-217-811-1
  
• 
  "Railroad Facts" (Yearbook) Association of American Railroads, Washington, DC (annual).
  
• 
  "Transportation in America", Statistical Analysis of Transportation in the United States (18th edition), with historical compendium 1939-1999, by Rosalyn A. Wilson, pub. by Eno Transportation Foundation Inc., Washington, DC, 2001. See table: Domestic Intercity Ton- Miles by Mode, pp. 12-13.
  
• 
  UN (United Nations) Statistical Yearbook. The earlier editions were designated by date (such as 1985/86) but later editions use the edition number (such as 51st). After 1985/86 the "World railway traffic" table was dropped. After the 51st ? edition, the long table: "Railways: traffic" was dropped resulting in no more UN railway statistics.
  
• 
  Urba CE, "The railroad situation : a perspective on the present, past and future of the U.S. railroad industry". Washington : Dept. of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Policy and Program Development Govt. Print. Off., 1978.
  
• 
  VanWinke, Jenette and Zycher, Benjamin; "Future Soviet Investment in Transportation, Energy, and Environmental Protection" A Rand Note. The Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, 1992. Rand Soviet Transport (https://web.archive.org/web/20120523194529/http://ha ndle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA255907)
  
• 
  Ward, Christopher J., Brezhnev's Folly: The Building of BAM and Late Soviet Socialism, University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009.
  
• 
  Westwood J.N., 2002 Soviet Railways to Russian Railways Palgrave Macmillan.
  
• 
  Westwood, J. N. (1994). "Chapter 8: Transport". In Davies, R.W.; Harrison, Mark; Wheatcrofttitle, S. G. (eds.). The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, 1913-1945. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 158-181.ISBN 978-0-521-45770-5.
  

Notes

1. 
   Pons, Silvio; Smith, Stephen A., eds. (2017-09-21). The Cambridge History of Communism (https://ww w.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316137024/type/book) (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781316137024 (https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316137024) . ISBN 978-1­316-13702-4.
   
2. 
   J. V. Stalin, Problems of Leninism, (Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1953) pp. 454­458. Stalin on Rapid Industrialization: Speech to Industrial Managers, February 1931 (http://academi c.shu.edu/russianhistory/index.php/Stalin_on_Rapid_Industrialization) From "Documents in Russian History" a website whose "about" page is currently blank.
   
3. 
   Westwood 1994, p. 163.
   
4. 
   Westwood 1994, p. 158
   
5. 
   Westwood 1994, pp. 165-7
   
6. 
   Аксененко, v.2, ch. 2.3 3rd para. Westwood 1994, p.159
   
7. 
   Westwood 1994, p. 159-60.
   
8. 
   Лехно p.31+ explains the meanings of various names given to track work
   
9. 
   Westwood 1994, p. 160-61.
   
10. 
    Westwood 1994, p. 162-63.
    
11. 
    Аксененко, v.2, ch. 30, table 30.6
    
12. 
    Shipments between Soviet ports
    
13. 
    Travel between Soviet ports
    
14. 
    Transportation in America, pp. 12, 14
    
15. 
    Data points in the graph come from many sources listed in the pageWikimedia: RailUSAvsUSSR.svg. A single source book "International historical statistics" (various editions), vols. "The Americas" and "Europe" also has this data (see Ch. on "Transport" in each of the 2 vols.)
    
16. 
    See statistics references by Госкомстат (in Russian)
    
17. 
    UN 1958, pp. 297, 300
    
18. 
    UN 1985/86 Table: World Railway Traffic, p. 55
    
19. 
    Плакс, p.5 (in Russian)
    
20. 
    UN 37th p. 690; UN 43rd p .548; (both for 1998)
    
21. 
    Филиппов 1991 p. 7 (table 1.1) (in Russian)
    
22. 
    Филиппов 1991 p. 4 (in Russian)
    
23. 
    "Countries Compared by Transport > Highways > Total. International Statistics at NationMaster.com" (http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Transport/Highways/Total) . www.nationmaster.com.
    
24. 
    Except for some Soviet data, plot data is from: Brian Mitchell, "International Historical Statistics” Vols. "The Americas", "Europe"; Palgrave Mecmillian, 2007. For the US: table F3 in "The Americas". For the USSR: also table F3 in ”Europe” Table F3 is ”Passenger traffic on railways”. For the USSR 1914-1920 data on pass-km is not available. But such unknowns were estimated from data on the number of passengers carried, by multiplying such values by 135 km, the estimated average distance traveled per passenger. The 135 km estimate (for 1914-1920) was obtain using the average of the actual values for 1913 and 1921. Actually, values slightly different than 135 km were used for each year based onlinear interpolation. ”Народная хозяйство СССР” gives USSR data for the war years (1941-1944) and it is also an alternative source to Mitchell (above) for other years
    
25. 
    The ”pre-Soviet territory was at first just a large part of theRussian Empire but then Germany invaded some of it during the First World War, next there was theOctober revolution followed by the Russian civil war and the victorious reds created variousSoviet Republicswhich then merged to create the Soviet Union.
    
26. 
    See Bus Facts. 1935. p.9: chart: "Passenger-miles in United States by Various Means of Transport" (1890-1935). The chart is by H. E. Hale & Co., consulting engineers, 32 Nassau St. Bus Facts was published by NAMBO = National Association of Motor Bus Operators. This chart is likely quite inaccurate for the automobile "curve" which is a series of straight line segments, one of which is several years long. The source for it is the "Automobile chamber of commerce" without stating any publication name, and no data is available re passenger-miles. The chart indicates that automobile pass-mi reached that of the "steam railroads" in about 1919. However there was also the interurban electric railways some of which are included in the "steam railwroad" statistics. which is inferred by comparing this data with the table "Intercity Travel in the United States 1929-1965" in Bus Facts, 1966 (34th. edition) p. 6 and comparing data for 1930. The sum of electric and steam pass-mi from the 1935 chart is significantly less than the figure for this sum reported in the 1966 table. It turns out that the Interstate Commerce Commission classified some major "electric railroads" (such as the Pacific Electric Railway and the Long Island Railway) as "steam railroad" which explains the double counting in the 1935 chart. Thus in the 1935 chart one can't just add the electric and steam railroad curves to get total railway passenger-miles. Furthermore, the "electric railways" curve is missing prior to 1930. Thus the total passenger-miles by rail (both steam and electric) should be somewhat higher than shown in the 1935 chart. Also, the passenger miles of intercity travel should be somewhat lower than the curve for "private automobile". Thus the real curves (for rail and auto) will intersect in the early 1920s (beyond 1919), the date when intercity auto travel exceeded intercity rail travel.