d) The only defence mechanism seen in phobic people is nothing but try to avoid the object of their phobia.
Since 1920 there has developed a branch of general science perhaps not recognized everywhere; traumatic surgery. It has greatly been enhanced by the experiments of two world wars. This type of surgery relates to the psychic effects of injury. If has been said that it is the only inescapable type of pathology we have ever known. It is to this condition that first aid and much of the present day emergency surgery is addressed. The general surgeon is called upon to care for wounds and haemorrhage; to deal with foreign bodies, such as bullets and projectiles in the tissues; to treat burns, scalds, sprains, fractures, and dislocations. If there is a head injury, it may be complicated by an injury to the brain requiring craniotomy. If the chest is injured or ribs broken, the lung may be penetrated. Severe blows or crushes involving the abdomen or trunk may produce, besides contusions of the muscles, ruptured viscera, as the kidney, intestines, or 131
bladder. There may be internal bleeding, not at once detected, but manifested some hours afterward by general symptoms of haemorrhage. Many injuries are received where bones are broken but in which the full extent of the damage may not be apparent until X-ray films are made. This is mostly true of some fractures of the spine. In all of these different classes of injury, for checking bleeding, and for restoration of lacerated tissues and complicated fractures to something like their normal continuity, emergency operations may be required. Many injuries may result in serious loss of substance, amputation will be in store for some, and devitalisation of tissue, especially bone, may cause chronic suppuration which will necessitate time-consuming and wide reparative and plastic surgery.
19. Which of the following is correct?
a) If two world wars hadn't been fought; traumatic surgery
wouldn't have been known.
b) All injuries indicate that there are broken bones.
c) "Foreign bodies" are the dead bodies of the enemy
soldiers.
d) Unless X-ray films are taken, it is difficult to tell the
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