Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
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Table 6
Various plant-based polysaccharides with their source of origination and potential applications. Type Origination Structure Application Reference Cellulose Cellulose is prepared by various plants like bamboo, trees, cotton, hemp, marine algae and crops. The basic cellulose structure is linear β-1,4-linked D -glucopyranose units with a high density of hydroxyl groups Cellulose possesses abundant hydroxyl (–OH) groups, which can act as reactive sites for specific functional group modifications such as phosphate, carboxyl and amino groups to achieve more appealing outcomes of removing pollutants from wastewater. [279] Pectin Pectin, an anionic naturally occurring, high-molecular-weight and biocompatible linear polysaccharide extracted from the cell walls of higher plants Mainly consists of D -galacturonic acid connected by α -(1 → 4) glycosidic bonds Pectin with many active hydroxyl and carboxyl groups available for interactions with water pollutants also shows enormous application potential for wastewater treatment [280] Alginate Alginate is a renewable anionic polysaccharide typically originated from seaweed Alginate comprises guluronic acid and mannuronic acid linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds Alginate has been widely utilized in various biomedical and biological applications due to its strong biocompatibility, low toxicity and biodegradability [281] Carrageenan Can be derived from Rhodophyceae red seaweeds Carrageenan is a natural anionic biopolymer composed of alternating β-(1 → 4)-3,6-anhydro- D - galactose and α -(1 → 3)- D -galactose units Carrageenan is considered an excellent macromolecular polymer for preparing a bio- adsorbent [282] Starch Starch, a renewable, abundant and low- cost polysaccharide with a source- dependent structure, is commonly found in plants like crop seeds, roots and stalks It is composed of a mixture of anhydroglucose units, namely amylose (a linear biopolymer of α - D -glucopyranosyl units linked together by 1 → 4 bonds) and amylopectin (a branched biopolymer of α - D -glucopyranosyl units linked by 1 → 4 bonds at the main chain and 1 → 6 bonds at the side chain) Starch, as one of the most available and inexpensive polysaccharides with numerous hydroxyl groups, has been widely utilized to design functional adsorbents for specific environmental usages [283] Agarose Agarose, a neutral polysaccharide mainly extracted from red algae of seaweeds It comprises of 3,6-anhydro- α - L -galactopyranosyl and β- D -galactopyranosyl Agarose possessing inherent features like low cost, biodegradability, eco-friendliness and high biocompatibility, is a widely used thermo- reversible material in various fields, especially in molecular biology for DNA purification [284] A. Manzoor et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 213 (2022) 987–1006 1001 enriched lipid droplets experienced increased bio accessibility once in- tegrated into starch-based hydrogels which have been associated with the capability of the hydrogels to restrict increased droplet flocculation within the digestive system, thus permitting the enzyme to gain access to the lipid droplet areas more readily [207] . Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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