Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
Download 1.62 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
1-s2.0-S014181302201248X-main
Table 1
Different methods of hydrogel preparation and their applications. Method of preparation Type of hydrogel Cross linking method Applications References Physical crosslinking AAm, Irgacure 2959, SDS, NaCl, RSF, PTFE spacer RSF based double networked hydrogels RSF/SDS network Artificial robots' electronic skin, strain sensors, and a touch screen pen [222] Chemical cross-linking PAAm, polyelectrolyte Na–Alg Cellulosic nanoparticles were used to disperse interpenetrating hydrogels (cellulose nanocrystals, bacterial cellulose fibers, and TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers). Ionic cross-linked networks Wastewater treatment [223] Chemical–physical crosslinking BC membrane, CHT, glutaraldehyde BC and CHT semi interpenetrating networked hydrogels Glutaraldehyde cross-linked network Antibacterial Quinone Deacetaldehyde chitin nano-fibrillated suspension, DI water, PTFE membrane Nanofiber-reinforced gelatin Chemical cross- linking Agricultural and biomedical fields [224] The hydrogel was created using ZnO NWs and a mix of CHT and AAc. A hydrothermal method was used to make ZnO NWs, with zinc acetate and NaOH as precursors and PEG as an aid. Free-radical graft polymerizations were used to make CHT-co-AAc hydrogels. Zinc oxide CHT-based composite hydrogel Biomaterials, cosmetics and food packaging [225] Free radical polymerization and green process Ag NPs Alginate/PVA silver nanocomposite hydrogel Wound dressing, water purification [226] A. Manzoor et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 213 (2022) 987–1006 990 nanocomposites with inorganic nanomaterials (metal, nanoparticles, nano clay), polymers (PVC: polyvinyl chloride and PVA: polyvinyl alcohol), and chemical modifications involve grafting and crosslinking [23,53] . Chemical modifications play an important role in enhancing the activity of polysaccharide-based hydrogels. Chitosan is poorly water- soluble because of inter and intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and non- ionization of the amino group besides making its structure rigid, so the chemical modifications of chitosan like the incorporation of carbox- ymethyl, sulfo, hydrocarbyl, and acyl ameliorates its solubility [54] . It is the result of these modifications that enhance the bioadhesive, antimi- crobial, metal chelation activity because of positive charge, and increased chain length due to the carboxyl group [55] . The chemically modified products obtained after the chemical modification of chitosan are TMC (N, N, N-trimethyl chitosan), HBC (hydroxybutyl chitosan), and CMCH (carboxymethyl chitosan). Hashim et al. [56] reported the role of chitosan and alginate-based hydrogels loaded with nanoemulsion in preventing oxidative reactions in omega-3 rich oils and discovered that nanoemulsion of flaxseed oil in CS possesses antibacterial activity of microbeads was more than that of nanoemulsions of fish oil in CS, the combined microbeads and flaxseed oil-in-AL. It was also found that microbeads loaded with designed nanoemulsions may be used in food and pharmaceutical items. Moreover, chitosan along with chitin can easily be processed into hydrogels which can manifest wound healing as well besides offering better avenues in food industries. These hydrogels are also on the forefront in performing an important function in tissue engineering besides helping in cell culture and separation, immobili- zation of enzymes, and offering a handy role in controlling drug release as reported in studies. Various drugs are also encapsulated into these types of hydrogels thereby assisting in targeted drug delivery. The for- mation of nitrogen and carbon bonds along with the interaction/cross- linking between them owe these hydrogels the self-healing property that has been reported to be 95 % under physiological conditions [57] . 1.1.2. Alginates-based hydrogels Alginates are unmodified natural polysaccharides that are also anionic polysaccharides made up of - L -guluronic acid units (G block) and 1,4-linked- D -mannuronic acid units (M block) that are distributed sequentially throughout the chain via covalent bonds [58] . Alginate gelling process occurs while the exchange of Na + ions from alginate acid with Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , and Ca 2+ [59] . The incorporation of alginate-based hydrogels is of great importance because “alginic acid” and its salts have been recommended by Euro- pean Food Safety Authority for the use of quantum states in various foods ranging from infants to young children. From the studies, it has been reported that alginate helps in reducing glucose uptake and cholesterol and through alginate calcium spheres it helps in maintaining the aro- matic compounds of food and extends the shelf life of foods [60,61] . Alginate is also capable of forming a three-dimensional network upon interacting with the metal cations (multivalent) like Cu 2+ , Ca 2+, and Zn 2+ and they act as cross-linkers (occurs through ion exchange). A model namely the “Egg box” was born when Ca 2+ act as a cross-linker for alginate through G-blocks and two polymer chains were involved and were specifically Ca 2+ mediated [22,62] . It helps the alginate gel formation besides being useful for increasing the viscosity. Porous and flexible gels are formed in response to a higher number of M-blocks and dense and rigid gels are formed due to an excessive number of G-blocks and the films bearing a lower M/G ratio exhibit superior moisture bar- rier proclivity [5] . Alginate hydrogels are used to protect and improve the probiotic functioning in a hostile environment, particularly through chitosan coating on alginate hydrogels, and make the release of pro- biotics long-lasting, and their enhanced viability is ensured in intestinal solution [63] . Moreover, alginate-based hydrogel presented a prominent preservative effect in pomegranate juice by increasing the viability of cells significantly by 5.5 logs CFU/ml [64] . Alginate-based hydrogels also furnish an improved probiotic count into the colonic mucosa, which is further increased many folds by the coatings, chitosan on alginate hydrogels. Alginate uses ionic interaction for attaching to the Ca 2+ ions through cross-linking [65] . Hydrogen bonding helps to maintain the stability of the reswollen hydrogel framework during the process to mimic multiscale hierarchical architectures by ligaments and tendons in confined drying conditions [66] . Collectively, we can conclude with the manifold characteristics of alginate hydrogels that furnish its contribu- tions to food (preservation/probiotic) and other biomedical applications however, the development of smarter and more complex biomaterial systems such as dynamic 4D systems could surely bring boon in the scientific world. 1.1.3. Pectin-based hydrogels Pectin is a heteropolysaccharide composed of α -galacturonic acid Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling