Recent insights into polysaccharide-based hydrogels and their potential applications in food sector: a review
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Table 2
Types of hydrogels based on different characteristics. Characteristic considered References Preparation protocol Interpenetrating network hydrogels [227–231] Semi-interpenetrating network hydrogels [232–236] Co-polymer hydrogels Multipolymer hydrogels Homopolymer hydrogels Cross-linking Traditional hydrogels [237–241] Stimuli-responsive hydrogels Physical hydrogels (PVA-glycine hydrogels, gelatin, and agar gels) Permanent hydrogels (poly (methyl methacrylate) and poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)) Structure of functional groups involved Amorphous [242,243] Semi-crystalline Hydrogen bonded structure Super molecular structures Hydrocolloidal aggregates Morphology Microporous hydrogels Macroporous hydrogels Non-porous hydrogels Origin Natural [244–246] Synthetic Hybrid Semi-natural polymers Biodegradability Biodegradable [247–249] Non-biodegradable Physical appearance Tablet [250,251] Sponge [248] Multi-particulate system (granules, microspheres, nanospheres) Film Electrical charge Ionic [243] Non-ionic Miscellaneous hydrogels Hydrogels sensitive to pH [242,244,251–253] Hydrogels sensitive to temperature, pressure Complexing hydrogels In situ hydrogels A. Manzoor et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 213 (2022) 987–1006 991 residues linked via a linear 1, 4-glycosidic bond. It's used in several applications in the food sector due to its hydrogel formation. Mechanical properties of hydrogels made from pectin are enhanced by adding Fe 3+ / polyacrylamide. Hydrogels made from acrylic acid and acrylamide via a free radical mechanism in presence of starch exhibit essential charac- teristics like biodegradability, swelling capacity, and sensitivity to changes in pH [67] . Similarly, greater molecular weight-flexible protein structures are best for forming protein-polysaccharide couples because of their capacity to withstand changes in biopolymer conformance during various types of interactions such as electrostatic, hydrophobic, and physical contacts [68] . Pectins are a group of polysaccharides and oligosaccharides that consists of about 65 % GalA (galacturonic acid) linked at O-1 and O-4 positions and HG (homogalacturonan)-constitutes about 65 % of pectin and a linear homopolymer of GalA ( α -1,4 linked), RG I (rhamnogalacturonan I)-comprises about 20–35 % pectin and its backbone contains [- α - D -GalA-1,2- α - L -RG-1,4-] n and RG II (rhamnoga- lacturonan II)-comprises 10 % of pectin, instead of RG it has a backbone of HG and they form the three different pectic polysaccharides [69,70] . Like other gels, the structure of pectin affects its gelling property like cross-linking arrangement of blocks, branching, the content of mono- saccharides and the pectin-based hydrogels are advantageous because they can be obtained from the fruits like beet pulp, mango, citrus fruits, and apple. These hydrogels improve various mechanical properties, are non-toxic, reduce the solubility of water, are highly available, and endure antiviral and antimicrobial attributes [52,71] . Pectin-based hydrogels can be added to foods acting as fat mimetics or fat replacers thereby meeting the consumer demand for low-fat foods [72] . Moreover, pectin microgels are of appropriate size and have similar texture and deformability as the oil granules that qualify them as desirable fat replacers. Replacement of fat by pectin hydrogel imparts the properties in mayonnaise similar to that of mayonnaise with full fat [73] . Pectin hydrogels have beneficial applications in food processing industry like texturizers replacing starch (granulated), commonly used texture modifier providing the same texture properties such as yield stress and shear viscosity as imparted by the starch granules. Moreover, pectin hydrogels control diabetes and obesity by modifying the texture of reduced-calorie foods consumed by obese persons [74] . In another study, pectin-based hydrogels added with sodium alginate and cross- linked with citric acid enhanced the stability of chocolates under different temperature variations while such hydrogels replaced the cocoa butter, thereby showing improved glossiness at 50 % replacement [75] . Pectin hydrogels enhanced the sensory and textural characteristics in cakes while used in place of shortenings [76] . Pectin hydrogels are also reported to help in protecting the probiotic cells in an effective probiotic delivery system as the hydrogel pore size is much smaller than the bacterial cell size ensuring their proper entrapment [77] . Another study undertaken revealed the protective nature of pectin-based hydrogel for the Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain under unfavorable con- ditions of gastric and colonic fluid-containing enzymes [78] . Hence, pectin-based hydrogels allow us to taste their different applications from fat mimetics to texture modifiers to health enhancers however, their beneficial aspects through the incorporation of bio-based materials are something we can immensely benefit ourselves consequently attracted research in recent years. Download 1.62 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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