Regulations for calcium, magnesium or hardness in drinking water in the European Union member states
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kozisek2020
6. Conclusion
Concentrations of Ca and Mg in sources of drinking water in Europe vary considerably due to composition of the bedrock, from which water source originates. We can find a wide range of water hardness from very soft to extremely hard, and even though these drinking waters may comply with all microbiological and toxicological requirements, their consumption may influence the health of populations supplied. Table 1 Minimum required and recommended concentrations of minerals in softened or demineralized (desalinated) water as proposed by several member states for the recast of the EU Drinking Water Directive. Parameter Unit Minimum concentration required in softened or demineralized (desalinated) water ( a ) Recommended optimum concentration from health point of view ( b ) Calcium (Ca) mg/L 30 40–80 Magnesium (Mg) mg/L 10 20–40 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/L 100 200–500 a Water containing lower concentration of Ca, Mg, or TDS should not be subject to softening or demineralization (desalination). b The values are based on epidemiological studies showing that incidence of related diseases is the lowest in these water quality ranges. 4 In the EU law, transposition is a process by which the EU's member states give force to a directive by passing appropriate implementation measures. Transposition is typically done by either primary or secondary legislation. F. Kozisek Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 112 (2020) 104589 3 Table 2 Regulation or recommendation on calcium, magnesium or total hardness in drinking water in the EU member states in 2019. (Type of regulation: R = legislative act; G = guidelines, technical standard etc; E = education of public or water producers; N = no regulation or recommendation.). Country Type of regulation Requirement or recommendation References/Notes Austria (AT) G Total hardness, calcium and magnesium are included as indicator parameters to be regularly monitored in drinking water. There are upper limits for calcium (400 ± 40 mg/L) and magnesium (150 ± 15 mg/L), and lower (minimum) limit of total hardness for water which has been softened or desalinated through chemical or technical process: ≥ 8.4 °dH (= 1.5 mmol/L). Water should not be corrosive. If limit values are not met, laboratory expert should evaluate if water is still safe or not. Österreichisches Lebensmittelbuch. IV. Auflage. Codexkapitel/B 1/Trinkwasser. BMGFJ-75210/0009- IV/B/7/2007 (as amended by 22.12.2017). Austrian Food Book/Codex alimentarius. 4th ed. Chapter B1 – Drinking water. BMGFJ-75210/0009- IV/B/7/2007 (as amended by 22.12.2017). Belgium (BE) R Chemical parameter “Hardness”: ≥15 °F (= 60 mg Ca/L = 1.5 mmol/L) in case of artificial softening. Indicator parameters: Calcium max. 270 mg/L Magnesium max. 50 mg/L. Arrêté du Gouvernement wallon relatif aux valeurs paramétriques applicables aux eaux destinées à la consommation humaine (M.B. 10.02.2004). Order of the Walloon Government concerning the parametric values applicable to water intended for human consumption (M.B. 10.02.2004). Note: The same requirements as in Wallonia are applied also in Flanders and Brussels regions. Bulgaria (BG) R Indicator parameters: Total hardnesss max. 12 mgΣqv/L (6 mmol/L) Calcium max. 150 mg/L Magnesium max. 80 mg/L. These indicators are monitored only in water supply zones which are supplied from ground waters. НАРЕДБА № 9 ОТ 16 МАРТ 2001 Г. ЗА КАЧЕСТВОТО НА ВОДАТА, ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕНА ЗА ПИТЕЙНО-БИТОВИ ЦЕЛИ Ordinance No 9 of 16 March 2001 on the quality of water intended for drinking and household purposes. Croatia R Calcium, magnesium and total hardness (CaCO 3 mg/L) are listed among indicator parameters, but no limit value is provided, just note “The recommendations of the WHO are used to interpret the results obtained.” Water suppliers are obliged to monitor these parameters regularly. NN 125/2017 (15.12.2017.), Pravilnik o parametrima sukladnosti, metodama analize, monitoringu i planovima sigurnosti vode za ljudsku potrošnju te načinu vođenja registra pravnih osoba koje obavljaju djelatnost javne vodoopskrbe. NN 125/2017 (15.12.2017.), Ordinance on compliance parameters, analysis methods, monitoring and water safety plans for water for human consumption and the manner of keeping a register of legal entities performing public water supply activities. Cyprus (CY) G (R) There is no legislative standard for water hardness. However, in the Contracts for the operation of the desalination plants, total hardness range 80–150 mg/L as CaCO 3 (0.8–1.5 mmol/L), with minimum 30 mg/l as Ca, is specified and become obligatory for the operator. In areas where desalinated water or blended water is delivered, water hardness should fall within this range. The reason is operational – to avoid corrosion in the distribution system. Note: The Contracts are prepared centrally by the Water Development Department of the Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment. Czech Republic (CZ) R Indicator parameters: Calcium ≥ 30 mg/L (obligatory value for softened or desalinated water); 40–80 mg/L (recommended value). Magnesium ≥10 mg/L (obligatory value for softened or desalinated water); 20–30 mg/L (recommended value). Hardness (Ca + Mg): 2.0–3.5 mmol/L (recommended value). Note: Recommended values are set as optimum values from health (not technical) point of view. Vyhláška č. 252/2004 Sb., kterou se stanoví hygienické požadavky na pitnou a teplou vodu a četnost a rozsah kontroly pitné vody, ve znění pozdějších předpisů. Decree No. 252/2004 Coll., laying down hygiene requirements for drinking and hot water and the frequency and scope of drinking water control, as amended. Vyhláška č. 409/2005 Coll. o hygienických požadavcích na výrobky přicházejícími do přímého styku s vodou a na úpravu vody. Decree No. 409/2005 Coll. on the hygiene requirements for products coming into direct contact with water and for water treatment. Note: “Special legislation” means the Decree No 252/2004 Coll. referred above. Regarding home water treatment units, there is the requirement in the other decree (409/2005):The content of Ca and Mg shall not be more than 10% lower with respect to the value in the inlet water. If technology is used which reduces the content of dissolved substances and the hardness (Σ Ca + Mg) of the water, which shall only be used when the content of Ca and Mg is markedly higher than the upper boundary of the recommended limit for the values laid down by special legislation (i.e. Ca 40–80 mg/L; Mg 20–30 mg/L), the minimum value for the content of Ca and Mg in water laid down in special legislation (i.e. Ca min. 30 mg/L and Mg min 10 mg/L) shall be observed and the content of dissolved substances shall be higher than 150 mg/L in treated water. Denmark N Estonia N Finland (FI) G Guidelines for operational monitoring recommends when to monitor Ca or Mg. For both Ca and Mg, it is also emphasized that they are essential minerals for humans, but the suitable concentrations are not given. There is recommendation to reduce the corrosiveness of the water: pH > 7.5; alkalinity > 0.6; calcium > 10 mg/L; oxygen > 2 mg/L; alkalinity (mmol/L)/[sulphate (mg/L)/48 + chloride (mg/L)/35.5] > 1.5; and in addition (this is in the regulation), sulphate < 150 mg/L, chloride < 25 mg/L and conductivity < 250 μS/cm Talousvesiasetuksen soveltamisohje Talousvesiasetuksen soveltamisohje. Osa III Enimmäisarvojen perusteet. Ohje 16/2018. Guidance on the application of the Water Framework Regulation. Download 0.53 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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