Regulations for calcium, magnesium or hardness in drinking water in the European Union member states
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kozisek2020
Table 2 (continued)
Country Type of regulation Requirement or recommendation References/Notes Portugal (PT) R Indicator parameters, recommended values: Calcium not to be higher than 100 mg/L, magnesium not to be higher than 50 mg/L, total hardness (as CaCO3) should be between 150 and 500 mg/L (= 1.5 – 5 mmol/L). Decreto-Lei n. 152/2017 de 7 de dezembro. Decree-Law 152/2017, of December 7th. Romania (RO) R Indicator parameter: Total hardness minimum 5 °dH (= 0.9 mmol/L). No upper limit. Legea nr. 311/2004 pentru modificarea și completarea Legii nr. 458/2002 privind calitatea apei potabile. Law no. 311/2004 for amending and completing the Law no. 458/ 2002 on the quality of drinking water. Slovakia (SK) R Substances whose presence in water is desirable. Recommended values: Calcium > 30 mg/L, Magnesium 10–30 mg/L, Hardness (Ca + Mg): 1.1–5.0 mmol/L. Note: In drinking water where Ca or Mg concentrations are below their recommended values, it is necessary to strive for recommended values. In the treatment of waters in which Ca or Mg concentrations are higher than their recommended values, Ca concentrations below 30 mg/L and Mg concentrations below 10 mg/L are not allowed in treated drinking water. Magnesium: ≤ 125 mg/L (obligatory value). Vyhláška č. 247/2017 Z. z., ktorou sa ustanovujú podrobnosti o kvalite pitnej vody, kontrole kvality pitnej vody, programe monitorovania a manažmente rizík pri zásobovaní pitnou vodou. Decree no. 247/2017 Coll., laying down details on drinking water quality, drinking water quality control, monitoring and risk management program for drinking water supply. Slovenia N Spain G The Desalination Guide contains detailed description on remineralization techniques, but no lower (minimum) recommendation for Ca/Mg/hardness has been proposed. The only obligatory regulatory requirement is that water should not be aggressive with two parameters and limit values: Langelier index (−0.5 to +0.5) and pH (6.5–9.5). Guía de Desalación: aspectos técnicos y sanitarios en la producción de agua de consumo humano Desalination Guide: technical and health aspects in the production of water for human consumption. Sweden R At the sampling point “on the user's premises”, the drinking water is being assessed as serviceable but impaired if the calcium content is ≥ 100 mg/L or magnesium content is ≥ 30 mg/L. Consumer should be warned that water is “suitable with annotaion” (due to corrosion). SLVFS 2001:30 Statens livsmedelsverks föreskrifterom dricksvatten. SLVFS 2001:30 The State Food Administration's regulations governing drinking water. Guidelines to regulations SLVFS 2001:30. G Target value for produced drinking water (water leaving the waterwork) to prevent corrosion: calcium 20–60 mg/L. UK – England and Wales (UK) G Information from regulator: “There is no health based standard for the hardness of drinking water. The World Health Organisation Guidelines 2004 has identified that water with a hardness of value of 200 mg/L or higher (measured as calcium carbonate) will produce scale and soft water with a value of 100 mg/L (as calcium carbonate) or less will have a low buffering capacity and be more corrosive to pipes. Where water companies artificially soften water before putting it into supply, it is recommended that they maintain a minimum total hardness of 150 mg/L (as calcium carbonate) (= 1,5 mmol/L). This is because there is some limited evidence of a relationship between water hardness and cardiovascular health which may be related to the beneficial properties of Mg and Ca in the diet.” Regulator's (DWI) expectation is for companies to meet this minimum level except where the water is from a naturally soft source (some upland sources). Drinking Water Inspectorate's advice leaflet “Water Hardness” (2011) on http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/ hardness.pdf . UK –Scotland E Information for consumers: “Where water is softened by base exchange softening it is important to provide an unsoftened outlet for potable purposes.” Plus note: The UK Department of Health has stated that “in view of the consistency of the [epidemiological] evidence [of a weak inverse association between natural water hardness and cardiovascular disease mortality], it remains prudent not to undertake softening of drinking water supplies … it appears sensible to avoid regular consumption of softened water where there is an alternative”. Scottish Government's Private Water Supplies Technical Manual – Chapter 2.5.2 Hardness ( http://dwqr.scot/media/21172/pws- technical-manual-section-2-properties-and-contaminants-of- water-25-physical-chemical-properties.pdf ) F. Kozisek Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 112 (2020) 104589 6 |
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