Relative clauses

15. TO BE GOING TO V… BIRIKMASI
1. Agar biror ish qilishga niyat (qasd) qilingan bo‘lsa yoki shu ishharakatning kelasi zamonda amalga oshishi aniq bo‘lsa to be going to V
… birikmasi ishlatiladi va bu birikma o‘zbek tiliga -moqchi bo‘lmoq deb
tarjima qilinadi:
I am going to learn French next
year.
Men kelasi yili fransuz tilini
o‘rganmoqchiman.
He is going to spend his summer
vocation in Miraki.
U yozgi ta’tilini Mirakida
o‘tkazmoqchi.
We are going to ship these goods by
the next ship.
Biz bu mollarni keyingi kemaga
yuklamoqchimiz.
Izoh: to go va to come fe’llari to be going to V… birikmasi bilan ishlatilmaydi. He is
going to go there, va He is going to come here o‘rnida He is going there va He is coming
here yoki He intends to go there va He intends to come here ishlatiladi.
2. to be going to V... birikmasi egasi jonsiz buyum bo‘lgan gapdagi kelasi
zamonda amalga oshish ehtimolligi juda yuqori bo‘lgan yoki amalga oshishi
muqarrar bo‘lgan ish-harakatni ifodalsh uchun ishlatiladi:

The sea air is going to do you good.	Dengiz havosi sizga yoqadi (foyda beradi). Osmon yorishayapti; yomg‘ir bir ozdan keyin to‘xtaydi.
The sky is clearing up; the rain is go ing to stop in a minute.

3. to be going to V… birikmasidan keyin majhul nisbatdagi infinitiv ham
ishlatilishi mumkin:
He is going to be appointed manager of that department.
U o‘sha bo‘limning boshlig‘i
qilib tayinlanadi.
The goods are going to be shipped
by the next steamer.
Mollar keyingi paroxodga yuklanadi.
Two huge hydroelectric stations
are going to be built on the
Amudaryo.
Amudaryoda ikkita yangi ulkan
elektr stansiyalari quriladi.
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The Past Continuous Tense
O‘tgan davom zamonning yasalishi
1. Past Continuous to be fe’lining o‘tgan zamondagi shakllaridan biri
(was, were) va asosiy fe’lning hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi shakli (Present
Participle = Ving) yordamida yasaladi:
Ega + was (were) + Ving
I was working. We were working.
2. Bo‘lishsiz shakli was (were)dan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yish
bilan yasaladi:
Ega + was (were) + not + Ving
I was not working. We were not working.
3. So‘roq shaklini yasashda was (were) yordamchi fe’llari eganing oldiga
o‘tkaziladi:
Was (were) + ega + Ving?
Was I working? Were you working?
O‘TGAN DAVOM ZAMONNING ISHLATILISHI
1. Past Continuous o‘tgan zamondagi biror vaqtdan oldin boshlanib,
o‘sha vaqtda ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Bu vaqt:
a) at five o’clock soat beshda, at noon peshinda, at midnight yarim
tun da, at that momet o‘sha vaqtda kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan ifodalanadi:
He was writing his exercises at five
o’clock.
U soat beshda mashqlarini yozayotgan edi.
It was raining at noon. Peshinda yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan
edi.
What was he doing at that moment. U o‘sha payt nima qilayotgan edi?
b) Simple Past bilan ifodalangan o‘tgan zamondagi ikkinchi bir ishharakati bilan:
He was writing his exercises when I
entered the room.
Men xonaga kirganimda u mashqlarini yozayotgan edi.
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It was raining when I left the house. Men uydan chiqqanimda yomg‘ir
yog‘ayotgan edi.
What was he doing when you called
on him?
Siz unikiga borganingizda u nima
qilayotgan edi?
He hurt his leg while he was playing
football.
U futbol o‘ynayotganida oyog‘ini
lat yedirib qo‘ydi.
As I was coming here I met your
brother.
Men bu yoqqa kelayotganimda
akangizni uchratdim.
Past Continuousli gapda ish-harakat sodir bo‘layotgan vaqt ko‘rsatilmasligi va u boshqa gaplarda bo‘lishi mumkin. Bunday hol ko‘pincha
biror joyni tasvirlashda sodir bo‘ladi:
It was evening. My mother was
reading a book, and I was watching
TV. Suddenly the door opened, and
my brother came in.
Oqshom edi. Onam kitob o‘qi yotgan
edi va men televizor ko‘ra yotgan
edim. To‘satdan eshik ochi lib, akam
kirib keldi.
It was ten o’clock in the morning
when I entered the office. Some
visitors were waiting for the manager. The secretary was speaking
to somebody on the phone, and the
bookkeeper was dictating a letter to
the stenographer.
Men ofisga kirganimda ertalabki
soat o‘n edi. Bir necha kishilar boshliqni kutayotgandi. Kotiba telefonda
allakim bilan gaplashayotgan edi,
hisobchi stenografistga aytib xat
yozdirayotgan edi.
2. Past Continuous o‘tgan zamonda uzilib-uzilib uzoq vaqt davom etgan
ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

He was writing a play during the summer.

U yozda pyesa yozayotgan edi.

In June that firm was carrying on
negotiations for the purchase of
wheat.
Iyunda u firma bug‘doy sotib olish
haqida muzokaralar olib borayotgandi.
3. all day long kun bo‘yi, all day yesterday kecha kun bo‘yi, all the
time butun vaqt, the whole evening butun oqshom, from five till eight soat
besh dan sakkizgacha kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan Simple Past ham, Past
Continuous ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Past Continuous ishlatilganda ishharakatning bajarilish jarayoni tushuniladi, Simple Past ishlatilganda esa
ish-harakatning bajarilish dalili (bajarilganmi yo‘qmi) tushuniladi:

I was reading all day yesterday. I read all day yesterday.

Men kecha kun bo‘yi o‘qidim.

It was raining the whole evening.
It rained the whole evening.
Butun oqshom yomg‘ir yog‘di.
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I was working in the library from
three till fi ve.
I worked in the library from three
till fi ve.
Men soat uchdan beshgacha
kutub xonada ishladim.
Yuqoridagi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan kelgan oldinma-ketin sodir bo‘lgan ikki yoki undan ziyod ish-harakatlari sodir bo‘lish tartibida bayon etilsa,
faqat Simple Past ishlatiladi:
I came home early, rested from fi ve
till six, and then worked the whole
evening.
Men uyga erta keldim, soat beshdan
oltigacha dam oldim, so‘ngra butun
oqshom ishladim.
4. Ikkita davom etgan ish-harakat bir paytda sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lsa,
jarayonni ifodalshni istasak har ikkalasida Past Continuous ishlatamiz, agar
ish-harakatning sodir bo‘lish dalilini (faktini) ifodalashni istasak (sodir bo‘lganmi yo‘qmi) har ikkalasida ham Simple Past ishlatamiz:
While he was having his breakfast, I
was reading the newspaper.
U nonushta qilayotganida men
gazeta o‘qiyotgan edim.
While he had his breakfast, I read
the newspaper.
U nonushta qilganida, men gaze ta
o‘qidim.
While I was doing my homework,
he was resting.
Men uy ishimni bajarayotga nimda,
u dam olayotgan edi.
While I did my homework, he
rested.
Men uy ishimni bajarganimda, u
dam oldi.

16. The First Conditional

The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:

• 
  if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
  

It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.

• 
  If it rains, I won't go to the park.
  
• 
  If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
  
• 
  If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
  
• 
  She'll be late if the train is delayed.
  
• 
  She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
  
• 
  If I see her, I'll tell her.
  

First vs. Zero Conditional:
The first conditional describes a particular situation, whereas the zero conditional describes what happens in general.

For example (zero conditional): if you sit in the sun, you get burned (here I'm talking about every time a person sits in the sun - the burning is a natural consequence of the sitting)

But (first conditional): if you sit in the sun, you'll get burned (here I'm talking about what will happen today, another day might be different)
First vs. Second Conditional:
The first conditional describes things that I think are likely to happen in the future, whereas the second conditional talks about things that I don't think will really happen. It's subjective; it depends on my point of view.

For example (first conditional): If she studies harder, she'll pass the exam (I think it's possible she will study harder and so she'll pass)

But (second conditional): If she studied harder, she would pass the exam (I think that she won't study harder, or it's very unlikely, and so she won't pass)
Click here for an exercise about making the first conditional.
Click here for all the conditional exercises.