Relative clauses

11. The Past Continuous Tense
O‘tgan davom zamonning yasalishi
1. Past Continuous to be fe’lining o‘tgan zamondagi shakllaridan biri
(was, were) va asosiy fe’lning hozirgi zamon sifatdoshi shakli (Present
Participle = Ving) yordamida yasaladi:
Ega + was (were) + Ving
I was working. We were working.
2. Bo‘lishsiz shakli was (were)dan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yish
bilan yasaladi:
Ega + was (were) + not + Ving
I was not working. We were not working.
3. So‘roq shaklini yasashda was (were) yordamchi fe’llari eganing oldiga
o‘tkaziladi:
Was (were) + ega + Ving?
Was I working? Were you working?
O‘TGAN DAVOM ZAMONNING ISHLATILISHI
1. Past Continuous o‘tgan zamondagi biror vaqtdan oldin boshlanib,
o‘sha vaqtda ham davom etayotgan ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. Bu vaqt:
a) at five o’clock soat beshda, at noon peshinda, at midnight yarim
tun da, at that momet o‘sha vaqtda kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan ifodalanadi:
He was writing his exercises at five
o’clock.
U soat beshda mashqlarini yozayotgan edi.
It was raining at noon. Peshinda yomg‘ir yog‘ayotgan
edi.
What was he doing at that moment. U o‘sha payt nima qilayotgan edi?
b) Simple Past bilan ifodalangan o‘tgan zamondagi ikkinchi bir ishharakati bilan:
He was writing his exercises when I
entered the room.
Men xonaga kirganimda u mashqlarini yozayotgan edi.
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It was raining when I left the house. Men uydan chiqqanimda yomg‘ir
yog‘ayotgan edi.
What was he doing when you called
on him?
Siz unikiga borganingizda u nima
qilayotgan edi?
He hurt his leg while he was playing
football.
U futbol o‘ynayotganida oyog‘ini
lat yedirib qo‘ydi.
As I was coming here I met your
brother.
Men bu yoqqa kelayotganimda
akangizni uchratdim.
Past Continuousli gapda ish-harakat sodir bo‘layotgan vaqt ko‘rsatilmasligi va u boshqa gaplarda bo‘lishi mumkin. Bunday hol ko‘pincha
biror joyni tasvirlashda sodir bo‘ladi:
It was evening. My mother was
reading a book, and I was watching
TV. Suddenly the door opened, and
my brother came in.
Oqshom edi. Onam kitob o‘qi yotgan
edi va men televizor ko‘ra yotgan
edim. To‘satdan eshik ochi lib, akam
kirib keldi.
It was ten o’clock in the morning
when I entered the office. Some
visitors were waiting for the manager. The secretary was speaking
to somebody on the phone, and the
bookkeeper was dictating a letter to
the stenographer.
Men ofisga kirganimda ertalabki
soat o‘n edi. Bir necha kishilar boshliqni kutayotgandi. Kotiba telefonda
allakim bilan gaplashayotgan edi,
hisobchi stenografistga aytib xat
yozdirayotgan edi.
2. Past Continuous o‘tgan zamonda uzilib-uzilib uzoq vaqt davom etgan
ish-harakatni ifodalaydi:

He was writing a play during the summer.

U yozda pyesa yozayotgan edi.

In June that firm was carrying on
negotiations for the purchase of
wheat.
Iyunda u firma bug‘doy sotib olish
haqida muzokaralar olib borayotgandi.
3. all day long kun bo‘yi, all day yesterday kecha kun bo‘yi, all the
time butun vaqt, the whole evening butun oqshom, from five till eight soat
besh dan sakkizgacha kabi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan Simple Past ham, Past
Continuous ham ishlatilishi mumkin. Past Continuous ishlatilganda ishharakatning bajarilish jarayoni tushuniladi, Simple Past ishlatilganda esa
ish-harakatning bajarilish dalili (bajarilganmi yo‘qmi) tushuniladi:

I was reading all day yesterday. I read all day yesterday.

Men kecha kun bo‘yi o‘qidim.

It was raining the whole evening.
It rained the whole evening.
Butun oqshom yomg‘ir yog‘di.
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I was working in the library from
three till fi ve.
I worked in the library from three
till fi ve.
Men soat uchdan beshgacha
kutub xonada ishladim.
Yuqoridagi vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan kelgan oldinma-ketin sodir bo‘lgan ikki yoki undan ziyod ish-harakatlari sodir bo‘lish tartibida bayon etilsa,
faqat Simple Past ishlatiladi:
I came home early, rested from fi ve
till six, and then worked the whole
evening.
Men uyga erta keldim, soat beshdan
oltigacha dam oldim, so‘ngra butun
oqshom ishladim.
4. Ikkita davom etgan ish-harakat bir paytda sodir bo‘lgan bo‘lsa,
jarayonni ifodalshni istasak har ikkalasida Past Continuous ishlatamiz, agar
ish-harakatning sodir bo‘lish dalilini (faktini) ifodalashni istasak (sodir bo‘lganmi yo‘qmi) har ikkalasida ham Simple Past ishlatamiz:
While he was having his breakfast, I
was reading the newspaper.
U nonushta qilayotganida men
gazeta o‘qiyotgan edim.
While he had his breakfast, I read
the newspaper.
U nonushta qilganida, men gaze ta
o‘qidim.
While I was doing my homework,
he was resting.
Men uy ishimni bajarayotga nimda,
u dam olayotgan edi.
While I did my homework, he
rested.
Men uy ishimni bajarganimda, u
dam oldi.
12. The Past Perfect Tense
O‘tgan tugallangan zamonning yasalishi
1. Past Perfect to have fe’lining o‘tgan zamon shakli had va asosiy
fe’lning o‘tgan zamon sifatdoshi (Past Participle) shakli yordamida
yasaladi:
Ega + had + P.P.
I had worked, he had worked.
2. Past Perfectning bo‘lishsiz shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi
fe’lidan keyin not inkor yuklamasini qo‘yamiz:
Ega + had + not + P.P.
I had not worked, he had not worked.
3. Past Perfectning so‘roq shaklini yasash uchun had yordamchi fe’lini
eganing oldiga o‘tkazamiz:
Had + ega + P.P.?
Had I worked? Had he worked?

Bo‘lishli shakli	Bo‘lishsiz shakli	So‘roq shakli
I had worked He (she, it) had worked We had worked You had worked They had worked	I had not worked He (she, it) had not wor ked We had not worked You had not worked They had not worked	Had I worked? Had he (she, it) worked? Had we worked? Had you worked? Had they worked?

4. Og‘zaki nutqda quyidagi qisqartmalar ishlatiladi: I’d, He’d,
She’d, We’d, You’d, They’d, I hadn’t, I’d not, He hadn’t, He ’d not, She
hadn’t, She ’d not, It hadn’t, We hadn’t, We ’d not, You hadn’t, You ’d not,
They hadn’t, They ’d not.
O‘TGAN TUGALLANGAN ZAMONNING ISHLATILISHI
1. Past Perfect o‘tgan zamondagi biror vaqtdan oldin tamom bo‘l gan
ish-harakatni ifodalaydi. O‘tgan zamondagi bu vaqt quyidagicha beri lishi
mumkin:
a) by 5 o’clock soat beshgacha, by Saturday shanbagacha, by the 15th
of December 15 dekabrgacha, by the end of the year yilning oxirigacha,
by that time o‘sha vaqtgacha va boshqa vaqt ko‘rsatkichlari bilan:
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We had translated the article by fi ve
o’clock.
Biz soat beshgacha maqolani tarjima qilib bo‘ldik.
We had shipped the goods by that
time.
O‘sha paytgacha biz mollarni yuklab bo‘lgan edik.
By the end of the year we had learnt
to speak French.
Yilning oxirigacha biz fransuzcha
gapirishni o‘rgandik.
b) Simple Past bilan ifodalangan o‘tgan zamondagi ikkinchi bir ishharakati bilan:
They had shipped the goods when
your telegram arrived.
Sizning telegrammangiz kelganda, ular mollarni yuklab bo‘lgan
edilar.
We sent him a telegram yesterday
as we had not received any letters
from him for a long time.
Biz unga telegramma jo‘natdik,
chunki undan ko‘pdan buyon xatxabar olmagan edik.
We had not reached the station
when it began to rain.
Yomg‘ir yog‘a boshlaganda biz
stansiyaga yetib bormagan edik.
They had not yet loaded the goods
when they received our telegram.
Ular bizning telegrammamizni
ol ganlarida hali mollarni yuklab
bo‘lmagan edilar.
Ish-harakati sodir bo‘lgan vaqt Past Perfect ishlatilgan gapda emas,
boshqa gapda ham bo‘lishi mumkin:
As I was going to the station, it
began to rain. Fortunately, I had
taken an umbrella and (had) put
on a coat.
Stansiyaga borar ekanman yomg‘ir yog‘a boshladi. Baxtimga
soya bon olgan va palto kiygan
ekan man.
I received a letter from my brother
yesterday. I had not heard from him
for a long time.
Men kecha akamdan xat oldim.
Men undan ko‘pdan buyon xat-xabar olmagan edim.
2. Ikki yoki undan ortiq oldinma-ketin sodir bo‘lgan ish-harakat sodir
bo‘lish tartibida bayon qilinsa, hammasida Simple Past ishlatiladi:
He arrived at the Waterloo station,