Relativity: The Special and General Theory
THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
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Einstein Relativity
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- A P P E N D I X I I MINKOWSKI’S FOUR — DIMENSIONAL SPACE (“WORLD”) [S UPPLEMENTARY TO S ECTION
- FOUR–DIMENSIONAL SPACE 147
THE LORENTZ TRANSFORMATION
145 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 t c z y x t' c z' y' x' − + + = − + + . (11a) is satisfied identically. That is to say: If we substitute their expressions in x, y, z, t, in place of x', y', z', t', on the left-hand side, then the left- hand side of (11a) agrees with the right-hand side. A P P E N D I X I I MINKOWSKI’S FOUR — DIMENSIONAL SPACE (“WORLD”) [S UPPLEMENTARY TO S ECTION XVII ] E can characterise the Lorentz trans- formation still more simply if we in- troduce the imaginary ct ⋅ − 1 in place of t, as time-variable. If, in accordance with this, we insert , 1 4 3 2 1 ct x z x y x x x ⋅ − = = = = and similarly for the accented system K', then the condition which is identically satisfied by the transformation can be expressed thus: . 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 2 3 2 2 2 1 x x x x ' x ' x ' x ' x + + + = + + + (12). That is, by the afore-mentioned choice of “co- ordinates” (11a) is transformed into this equation. We see from (12) that the imaginary time co- ordinate x 4 enters into the condition of trans- formation in exactly the same way as the space co-ordinates x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . It is due to this fact that, according to the theory of relativity, the “time” 146 W FOUR–DIMENSIONAL SPACE 147 x 4 enters into natural laws in the same form as the space co-ordinates x 1 , x 2 , x 3 . A four-dimensional continuum described by the “co-ordinates” x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 , was called “world” by Minkowski, who also termed a point-event a “world-point.” From a “happening” in three- dimensional space, physics becomes, as it were, an “existence” in the four-dimensional “world.” This four-dimensional “world” bears a close similarity to the three-dimensional “space” of (Euclidean) analytical geometry. If we intro- duce into the latter a new Cartesian co-ordinate system (x' 1 , x' 2 , x' 3 ) with the same origin, then x' 1 , x' 2 , x' 3 , are linear homogeneous functions of x 1 , x 2 , x 3 , which identically satisfy the equation . 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 x x x ' x ' x ' x + + = + + The analogy with (12) is a complete one. We can regard Minkowski’s “world” in a formal manner as a four-dimensional Euclidean space (with imaginary time co-ordinate); the Lorentz transformation corresponds to a “rotation” of the co-ordinate system in the four-dimensional “world.” |
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