Republic of uzbekistan ferghana polytechnical institute individual work

THE MINISTRY of HIGHER SECONDARY

and SPECIALIZED EDUCATION of the

REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN

FERGHANA POLYTECHNICAL INSTITUTE

INDIVIDUAL WORK

THE THEME: ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES

Done by: YULDASHEV. M (55-18 GROUP)

SUPERVISOR: GALIAKBEROVA. A

FERGHANA - 2020

Report plan:

1. 
   Academic disciplines, its meaning and definition.
   
2. 
   Types and characteristics of academic disciplines.
   
3. 
   A definition of scientific researches.
   
4. 
   Classification of scientific researches.
   
5. 
   Required skills for scientific researches.
   

THEME: ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCHES.

An academic discipline is a branch of knowledge. It is crucial and accredited part of higher education. In the universities, however, a faculty defines and recognizes discipline’s area, so it varies between universities and programs.

The term academic discipline originates from the Latin words ‘discipulus’ which means ‘pupil’ and ‘disciplina’ which means ‘teaching’.

The lexicon will give a whole range of quite different meaning of the term; from training to submission to an authority or to the control and self- control of behavior. The term discipline as a verb means training someone to follow a rigorous set of instructions and also imposing and enforcing obedience.

The term academic discipline can be defined as the academic studies that focus on a self-imposed limited field of knowledge. It is the subject that one teaches and researches as part of higher education is the academic discipline of that person.

It can also be defined as form of specific and rigorous scientific training that will turn out practitioners who have been disciplined by their discipline for their own good.

Each discipline can have a few journals and conferences supported by some universities and organizations. Meanwhile, majority disciplines can be divided into sub-disciplines or branches, and there might be overlaps as well.

Note that there is no concrete way to classify academic disciplines, thus it is open for discussions.

However, there are some well-known disciplines which include majority part of existing academia and science:

1. 
   Humanities and social science - studies different as well as important topics of a society, such as history, philosophy, religion, art and etc.
   

2. 
   Natural sciences - mainly focus on the nature by exploring biology, chemistry, physics and Earth sciences as well as Space sciences.
   

3. 
   Formal sciences - study computer sciences, logic, mathematics, statistics and system sciences.
   

4. 
   Professions and applied sciences - are also very famous for learning architecture and design, education, engineering and technology, law, medicine, and many more.
   

Although we have shown a number of branches of academic disciplines, it is believed there are still many to mention. The above-mentioned fields obviously cannot cover whole discipline as they are not standard branches, but some famous ones.

The term academic discipline becomes a technical term for the organization of learning and the systematic production of new knowledge. Disciplines are identified with taught subjects. But every subject taught at school or at university cannot be called a discipline. There are more to a discipline that the facts and concepts of a subject taught in academic setting. There are many criteria and characteristics which indicate whether a subject a distinct discipline (Biglan, 1973). Some of the essential characteristics of an academic discipline are given below:

1. 
   Disciplines have a particular object of research (eg: politics, society, human behavior)
   

2. 
   Disciplines have a structure of accumulated specialist knowledge referring to their object of research
   

3. 
   Disciplines have theories and concepts that can organize the accumulated specialist knowledge effectively
   

4. 
   Disciplines use specific terminologies or specific languages adjusted to their research objects
   

5. 
   Disciplines have developed specific research methods according to their specific research requirements.
   

6. 
   Disciplines must have some institutional manifestation in the form of subjects taught at colleges or universities. It means a discipline will have academic departments and professional associations connected to it.
   

All these criteria may not be fulfilled by all disciplines. But an academic discipline must be perfect and should be able to accumulate more knowledge through the process of research. It must be dynamic.

Research conducted for the purpose of contributing towards science by the systematic collection, interpretation and evaluation of data and that, too, in a planned manner is called scientific research: a researcher is the one who conducts this research. The results obtained from a small group through scientific studies are socialized, and new information is revealed with respect to diagnosis, treatment and reliability of applications. The purpose of this review is to provide information about the definition, classification and methodology of scientific research.

Before beginning the scientific research, the researcher should determine the subject, do planning and specify the methodology. 

The questions, methods of response to questions and difficulties in scientific research may vary, but the design and structure are generally the same.

Scientific research can be classified in several ways. A classification can be made according to the data collection techniques based on causality, relationship with time and the medium through which they are applied.

1. 
   According to data collection techniques:
   
   • 
     Observational
     
   • 
     Experimental
     
2. 
   According to causality relationships:
   
   • 
     Descriptive
     
   • 
     Analytical
     
3. 
   According to relationships with time:
   
   • 
     Retrospective
     
   • 
     Prospective
     
   • 
     Cross-sectional
     
4. 
   According to the medium through which they are applied:
   
   • 
     Clinical
     
   • 
     Laboratory
     
   • 
     Social descriptive research
     

Conducting scientific research requires two sets of skills – theoretical and methodological – needed to operate in the theoretical and empirical levels respectively. Methodological skills (“know-how”) are relatively standard, invariant across disciplines, and easily acquired through doctoral programs. However, theoretical skills (“know-what”) is considerably harder to master, requires years of observation and reflection, and are tacit skills that cannot be “taught” but rather learned though experience.