Republic of uzbekistan samarkand state institute of foreign languages

CHAPTER 1.
THE MAIN CLASSES OF EMOTIVE VOCABULARY


1.1. Emotive verbs
Language is a means by which people describe everything that happens in life, i.e. make all the objects and concepts that surround us correctly interact with each other when describing real life situations. This is a complex structure, consisting of many small details that are constantly in operation, obeying certain laws (rules).
For a person who speaks a language normally, it is typical not to store in memory ready-made sentences “for all occasions” (it is clear that this is simply impossible), but to construct new sentences for one-time use, even for similar situations.
The suitability of a sentence for use in acts of verbal communication is connected, in particular, with the fact that a sentence just gives a person the opportunity to creatively and actively respond to a constantly changing, dynamic reality, to interact (by means of language) with new conditions (both in the sense of the reflected content, and and direct participants) of the speech act. In a sentence, the stability of the structure (a set of structural schemes for constructing sentences and ways of connecting sentence elements; definite and finite) is combined with the constant novelty of the content, and each (or almost each; for example, there are formula sentences: How do you do. The construction of each sentence by the speaker is creative act. From a finite number of words, using a finite set of rules, a native speaker is able to build an infinite number of structures and sentences different in terms of architectonics. By giving the received sentences, statements one or another intonation, the speaker can better convey his feelings and emotions.
Emotions (fr. émotion from lat. emovere “excite, excite”) is one of the forms of reflection of the world, denoting emotional experiences, excitement, feelings. Emotions are multifaceted: they affect feelings and experience, physiology and behavior, forms of cognition and conceptualization. Emotion combines different phenomena: emotional reactions, which have their counterpart in external modes of expression; emotional states that are associated with an internal emotional experience that does not have an external manifestation.
The language has a certain arsenal of emotive means on which the naturalness of communication depends. The study of English speech showed that emotive means are used in combination to create an emotional background. For example,
A: Well, do you like fishing?
B: Yes, I sometimes go fishing in a river near my house in Scotland.
A: Well, here it is different. I go fishing on a lake. It's a hundred kilometers long! (Delight)
B: A hundred miles? (astonishment)
A: Yeah! There are fish this big! (boasting)
B: Really? (surprise, doubt)
A: Do you want to go?
B: OK. (consent, approval)
A: Right. You want a fishing line….
The concept of emotive means is associated with the category of emotiveness, that is, with the expression of emotions, in which communication retains its vitality, naturalness, and emotionality. Manifestations of various emotions by means of language in speech are in fact the communicative functions of these means. Features of the emotions themselves, namely, diffuseness, that is, the shading of emotions and contraction, that is, the group nature of emotions, affect the multifunctionality of emotive language means and create difficulties in understanding and using these means in communication. The polysemy of emotive lexical units, including interjections, does not cause difficulties for native speakers, since various meanings are subconsciously acquired during communication in society against the background of means that ensure the removal of polysemy in the context.
The thesis that emotions are one of the forms of reflection, cognition, and assessment of objective reality is recognized by representatives of various sciences, primarily psychologists and philosophers. This starting point for all researchers has a general clarification: emotions are a special, peculiar form of cognition and reflection of reality, since in them a person acts both as an object and a subject of cognition, i.e. Emotions are connected with the needs of a person, which underlie the motives of his activity.
Psychological and psycholinguistic sciences are primarily aimed at studying the functions of emotions in human activity. Despite the clarity of scientific positions, the state of the study of the psychology of emotions, according to the psychologists themselves, remains extremely unsatisfactory. The problem of constructing a holistic, multilevel psychological theory of emotions has not yet been solved. The processes of naming emotions turn out to be rather complicated, in colloquial practice we often use the same word to denote different experiences, so that their real nature becomes clear only from the context. At the same time, the same emotion can be denoted by different words.
The mechanisms of linguistic expression of the speaker's emotions and linguistic designation, interpretation of emotions as the objective essence of the speaker and the listener are fundamentally different. We can talk about the language of describing emotions and the language of expressing emotions.
At a certain stage, it became necessary to somehow distinguish between vocabulary, emotionally charged to varying degrees, in order to study the different nature of the expression of emotional meanings. A terminological distinction appeared: vocabulary of emotions and emotional vocabulary. The identification of two types of emotive vocabulary takes into account the different functional nature of these words: the vocabulary of emotions is focused on the objectification of emotions in the language, their inventory (nominative function), the emotional vocabulary is adapted to express the emotions of the speaker and the emotional evaluation of the object of speech (expressive and pragmatic functions). Thus, the vocabulary of emotions includes words, the subject-logical meaning of which is the concept of emotions. Emotional vocabulary includes emotionally colored words containing a sensual background. Taking into account the difference in the nature of the emotive charge of these words, it must be taken into account that the vocabulary of both sets is involved in the display of human emotions. It correlates with the world of emotions and reflects this world, therefore, it would be more correct to merge these two directions into one. L.G.
As early as the beginning of the 19th century. W. von Humboldt noted that language as a human activity is permeated with feelings. At present, linguistics has again turned to his teaching, which called for the study of language in close connection with man. In the light of this concept, linguistic comprehension of systemic emotive means is also quite feasible.
At all times people have experienced, are experiencing and will continue to experience the same feelings: joy, grief, love, sadness. A huge emotional experience has been accumulated. In this regard, psychologists talk about the universality of emotions, the very list of which reflects the universal experience of understanding human mental activity: "Some individual emotions are universal, general cultural phenomena. Both coding and decoding of a number of emotional expressions are the same for people all over the world, regardless of their culture, language or educational level.
Language is not a mirror reflection of the world, therefore, obviously, the world of emotions and the set of language tools that display them cannot completely coincide. Thus, given the presence of a group of leading universal emotions in the emotional experience of mankind, we can assume the existence of universal emotive meanings in lexical semantics, which is due to the semantics of reflection, since the experience of mankind in the cognition of emotions, like any other fragment of the world, is fixed in linguistic units.
Emotive vocabulary is traditionally studied taking into account such categories as evaluativeness, expressiveness, figurativeness, and its connections with evaluation turn out to be especially close. The conjugation of emotions and assessments do not lose their relevance.
So, emotionality and evaluativeness are categories, of course, interconnected, but there are different points of view on the nature of their relationship.
The lexicon of the language has great potential for transmitting information in its subtlest semantic and stylistic shades.
The stylistic richness of the lexical-semantic level is due not only to the colossal number of units included in it, but also to the diversity of their quality, as well as the complex, multi-tiered system of their stylistic organization. Within the lexico-semantic area of the language, on the one hand, we have units that have a one-of-a-kind meaning and an equally specific and unique stylistic shade, on the other hand, abstract stylistic categories (colorings) covering many hundreds of words that are not inferior in terms of its abstraction to many syntactic categories. We are talking about such types of expressive-emotional coloration.
and, as "joking", "ironic", "high", etc. Some of these shades give the word a positive, others - a negative connotation. The nature of coloring can change depending on the context and speech situation.
The expressive-emotional coloring of a word arises as a result of the fact that its very meaning contains an element of evaluation. The purely nominative function is complicated here by evaluativeness, by the speaker's attitude to the named phenomenon, and, consequently, by emotionality. Words like airhead, bummer; idler, grouch, slob, etc., already in their semantics carry an expressive-emotional charge. The words of this group are usually unambiguous; the evaluation contained in their meaning is so clearly and definitely expressed that it does not allow the word to be used in other meanings.
This vocabulary is used mainly in oral-familiar, reduced speech: lazy, shameless; lazy-bones, cut-throat.
The second group consists of polysemantic words that are stylistically neutral in their direct meaning, but in a figurative sense they are endowed with vivid emotionality, for example, a rag (about a man), a swamp (about a social group); frog (about the Frenchman), frost (about failure).
The third group is words in which emotionality is achieved by affixation, mostly by suffixes: mommy, dirty girl, granny; drunkard, gangster, scare-monger, kiddo. However, this phenomenon is not so much strictly lexical as word-formation (see position 29).
Like vocabulary, phraseology contains the richest means of speech expressiveness, gives speech a special expression and a unique national flavor. The expressiveness of a language largely depends on its phraseology. The vast majority of phraseological units denote the same concepts that can be conveyed by words or descriptive constructions. However, phraseologisms differ from synonymous words and descriptive phrases in nuances of meaning and, mainly, in expression.
Replacing a phraseological unit with a word or phrase cannot be equivalent: with such a replacement, the nuances of meanings, images, emotions disappear - everything that makes up the semantic and stylistic originality of phraseological units and makes them "the smallest poetic units of the language". Compare babes and sucklings - unexperienced people; husband's tea - not strong tea; a play with the fire - a dangerous play; dribs and drabs - too little of smth; blood with milk - healthy; hack on the nose - remember; cry in a vest - complain.
The combination of nominative and emotional-evaluative elements in the content of phraseological units allows native speakers to use phraseological units to convey not only the logical content of thought, but also a figurative representation of something, and through the latter - to express an emotional attitude to the subject of thought. So, for example, phraseological units odd (queer) fish - a person with oddities, cool as cucumber - unflappable; grated kalach, shot sparrow figuratively characterize the qualities of a person (eccentricity, calmness, experience) and at the same time show a certain attitude towards him (joking, ironic, contemptuous), which does not allow using these expressions in a neutral situation when such an attitude is absent.
As in vocabulary, in phraseology, from a stylistic point of view, a layer of neutral phraseological units and stylistically colored layers are distinguished.
Bright emotional coloration, the shades of which are extremely diverse, is characteristic of colloquial phraseological units. It is created both by their individual components and by the figurative-metaphorical meaning that arises as a result of the combination of these components.
Pure signs of emotions are interjections. These words make up a very special layer of vocabulary, since they do not have a subject-logical meaning. All the typical features that distinguish emotional vocabulary are concentrated in interjections: syntactic optionality, that is, the possibility of omission without violating the markedness of the phrase, the absence of syntactic links with other parts of the sentence; semantic irradiation, consisting in the fact that the presence of at least one emotional word gives emotionality to the entire statement.
Many emotional words, and interjections in particular, express emotion in the most general form, without even indicating its positive or negative character. "Oh", for example, can express both joy and sadness, and many other emotions: Oh, I'm so glad; Oh, I'm so sorry; Oh how unexpected!
All traditionally distinguished significant morphological classes of words have categorial-emotive vocabulary in their composition. It is on the example of emotive vocabulary that it is possible to represent one semantheme by different parts of speech: brave, courageous, courage, brave. As we can see, the priority in depicting emotions in Russian belongs to the verb (35.2%), followed by nouns (30.4%) and adjectives (24.1%), taking into account the lexical representation. Together, these three classes of words make up 90% of all categorical-emotive vocabulary.
Emotive vocabulary is situational in its denotative basis, because emotions are inextricably linked with the subject experiencing them and the object causing them. That is why the verb is exactly the part of speech that is most adapted to reflect emotions. This, obviously, explains the predominance of verbal emotive vocabulary. Emotive verbs, like all verbs in general, are necessarily oriented to the sphere of the subject or to the sphere of the object, which determines the “dramatic nature”, “eventfulness” of verbal semantics, which most adequately reflects the situation of reality.
It is the verb as a stylistically and semantically rich category that has great opportunities for depicting feelings in various angles and shades. Emotions are conveyed by the verb as a state (to be sad) and as the formation of a state (to fall in love), as an attitude (to love) and as an impact (to fall in love), as well as an external manifestation of emotions (kiss, hug). The importance of verbal emotive vocabulary is also proved by the fact that it is actively replenished. This is evidenced by the fact that the verb has a large percentage of derived meanings in general (48.4%) and metaphorically derived meanings in particular (27.1%). It is the verb that has the largest number of metaphorical emotive sememes such as boil, kill.