Research Paper John Heathershaw and David W. Montgomery
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- Claim 6: Political Islam opposes the secular state
and the Origins of Radical Islam (Columbia University Press, 2010).
55 Montgomery survey data, 2005. The familiarity many have with al-Bukhari is as collector of hadiths (Sahih Bukhari) and with Ibn Sina is for his books on medicine that could be purchased (and were commonly referenced by local healers) at least as recently as 2012. The Myth of Post-Soviet Muslim Radicalization in the Central Asian Republics | Chatham House 13 Claim 6: Political Islam opposes the secular state The final claim in the myth seems so obvious to most secularists and Islamists that it goes without saying in much political discourse and policy analysis on both sides of this self-imposed divide. It is common to view Central Asia in terms of secular, Soviet-trained leaderships facing the challenge of an increasingly religious and politically active population. The ICG notes in a 2009 report that ‘radicalization […] would make keeping Kyrgyzstan a secular state more challenging’. 56 The use of the term radicalization to incorporate a wide variety of groups and behaviour sustains the view that all political Islam is anti-secular. This is implied by a later IGC report on Kyrgyzstan where it is argued that ‘the further alienation of Islamic groups in Kyrgyzstan – where the last secular governments have done massive harm to the ideals of liberal tolerance and ethics – would be the beginning of a tragedy for the country’. 57 Framed this way the ‘Islamic factor’ is a force which is juxtaposed to the secular and in need of accommodation. 58 Even some dispassionate academic articles adopt a clear boundary between the secular and religious in order to make such arguments about the compatibility of some expressions of Islam to democracy. 59 Secularists and some representatives of political Islam in Central Asia make similar assumptions. Even legal and avowedly apolitical but non-state Muslim organizations in Central Asia, such as Jamaat-e Tabligh in Kygryzstan or the Ismaili bodies of Tajikistan, are routinely regarded with extreme suspicion by the avowedly secular governments of the region. 60 In Tajikistan, the Islamic-secular dialogue has become more hostile, more infrequent and less productive since 2000 as state representatives – such as Suhrob Sharipov, now a member of parliament – have argued strongly for assertive secularism along the lines of the ‘Turkic-language countries’. 61 In Kyrgyzstan, debates about marriage and a proposal to have prayer breaks in parliamentary business have pitted secularists, such as civil society leader Dinara Oshurakhunova, against advocates of a more prominent role for Islam in public life, such as the parliamentary deputy Tursunbai Bakir Uulu. 62 In such debates it is easy to assume that, in the public square, political Islam opposes the secular state. However, the putative religious-secular divide is constructed, often by secular governments themselves, rather than real. Such divisive policies and public debates distract from the wider reality of a post-Soviet Muslim population that adheres to secular principles and the privatization of religious faith. Our survey found that 62 per cent of those who claim that religion influences their behaviour a lot believe that religion should concern itself only with the spiritual. Meanwhile 51 per cent of the same group also believes that state law should be a reflection of religious law. 63 How 56 ICG, Women and Radicalisation in Kyrgyzstan, p. 26; see also p. 17. 57 ICG, Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses, Briefing No. 102 (April 2010), p. 15. 58 Seifert, ‘The Islamic Factor and the OSCE Stabilization Strategy in its Euro-Asian Area’, p. 3. 59 Kathleen Collins and Erica Owen, ‘Islamic Religiosity and Regime Preference: Explaining Support for Democracy and Political Islam in Central Asia and he Caucasus’, Political Research Quarterly, 2012, 65(3), pp. 49–-515 60 Bayram Balci (2012); Zamira Dildorbekova, ‘Dynamics of Islam and Democracy in Tajikistan’, PhD Thesis, University of Exeter 2014. 61 Avesta, ‘Reiting kommunistov v Tajikistane stoit vyishe Islamistov – Glava TsIK’,[Head of the Central Electoral Commission: ‘In Tajikistan, communists enjoy higher ratings than Islamists’] 13 January 2011, http://www.avesta.tj/index.php?newsid=7040, accessed 17 May 2011. 62 Tolgonai Osmongazieva,, ‘“Svetskaya” beseda deputata i pravozashinika’, [An informal discussion between an MP and a human rights activist] Information Agency 24.kg, 14 January 2011, http://www.24kg.org/parlament/101721-v-parlamente-kyrgyzstana-proizoshla- ocherednaya.html, accessed 1 May 2011; Bengard, Anastasiya, ‘Pochemu v Kyrgyzstane otdelniye politiki rukovodstvuyutsya normami shariata, zhelaya podmenit imi grazhdanskie akti?’, [Why are some politicians in Kyrgyzstan guided by sharia norms and wish to replace civil codes with them?] Information Agency 24.kg, 18 January 2011, http://www.24kg.org/community/99663-v-gorode-karakole-issyk-kulskoj- oblasti.html, accessed 10 May 2011. 63 Montgomery survey data, 2005 The Myth of Post-Soviet Muslim Radicalization in the Central Asian Republics | Chatham House 14 should we make sense of these apparently contradictory findings? This can only be done by recognizing that the secular and Islamic (including political Islam) are not mutually exclusive. In particular, the results do not show that 51 per cent of Central Asian Muslims support Shari’a – something that has no significant public support across the vast majority of the former Soviet region. Instead these results may be better understood in terms of the state being seen to act immorally and its reform being framed in terms of religion as the source of moral authority. As the results may also be understood in terms of a religiously shaped form of secularism, variations of which are seen across the world including in the United Kingdom. These complex mixtures of Islam and secularism are commonplace in post-Soviet Eurasia and reflected in mainstream political discourses across the region. There is little evidence for popular discontent with the secularity of the state in Central Asia. Our survey data show that overall fewer than one in five disagree with the claim that religion should only concern itself with the spiritual. The IRPT has consistently refused to develop a theocratic policy platform, proposing instead a statist model of economic development. In Kyrgyzstan, despite the activity of HT and the political instability since 2005, there has been little to no Islamist mobilization, and where this occurs there may be particular reasons found in the breakdown of relations between Muslim leaders and local government. 64 Some public figures – Kadyir Malikov, head of the Religion, Law and Politics Centre in Bishkek, for example – have responded to debates such as that between Oshurakhunova and Bakir Uulu by warning of the danger of setting religious values against the secular. 65 Such sober voices are clear that the supposed choice between Islamic revival and militantly secularist security policy is a false one in a region where religion remains primarily a personal and social phenomenon tied to a group’s ethnic identity, rather than a driver of political mobilization. Download 215.71 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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