Research students

speculate - размышлять, раздумывать; но не спекулировать (спекулировать - profiteer, gamble)
thesis – диссертация; но не тезисы (тезисы – abstract)
wagon - телега, тележка; но не вагон (вагон - car, carriage)
Academic Language Translation Tips

All in all, …	В итоге, в общем, в целом
As a matter of fact, ... / Basically, …	По сути дела, ... в сущности, в основном
As it does / As it is	Фактически, в действительности
As shown previously	Как показано ранее
As the case may be	В зависимости об обстоятельств
Be at variance	Расходиться во мнениях, противоречить
Beyond comparison	Вне сравнения
By and large, …	В общем и целом
Coupled with (the fact)	Наряду с (тем обстоятельством)
Except as specified	За исключением, указанного в …
Far and by	В общем, вообще говоря
Given that	При условии что, если
In a rough way	Приблизительно
In/At all events	Во всяком случае
In as much as	Поскольку, в виду того, что
In fact, … / Actually, …	На самом деле, …
In line with	В соответствии с / сообразно с
In no event	Ни при каких условиях
In no way	Никоим образом, никак
“In reference to …”	“К вопросу о …”,
In short, ... / In a nutshell, ...	Короче, ... / Короче говоря, ...
In so far as	Поскольку
Pros and cons of …	Плюсы и минусы …
On account of	Из-за, вследствие, по причине
On a par with	Наравне с, на равных началах
On the ground that …	На том основании, что
Over and above	Сверх, в добавление; к тому же
To this end / To this effect	С этой целью
The data gathered suggest …	Собранные данные указывают на …
The foregoing discussion implies that …	Вышесказанное подразумевает …
The former…, the latter …	Первый (из упомянутых), последний…
The issue under discussion / consideration/ review	Обсуждаемый вопрос
The topic under research	Исследуемая проблема
The phenomenon /issue/problem in question	Рассматриваемое явление /вопрос
The question mentioned above	Вышеупомянутый вопрос
The topical issue	Актуальный вопрос
Unless otherwise is provided/stated	Если иное не предусмотрено/не утверждается
With reference to	Относительно, в отношении, что касается, ссылаясь на

SECTION II.


GRAMMAR TABLES

English Tenses in Active Voice

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Present	V; V+s Do Does+V? don’t doesn’t+V always usually often sometimes as a rule rarely seldom never every day	am is +Ving are now at the moment still while as	have has +V3 just, already never, ever yet, still since, for so far this week lately, recently	have has + been Ving How long? for since
Past	Ved / V2 Did+V? Didn’t+V yesterday last week a month ago in 2015 then When I was… How long ago…?	was were+Ving at 6 o’clock when while as all morning	had+V3 after before by the time Hardly…when Scarcely… than	had been + Ving How long…before for since
Future	will+V tomorrow next week in a month soon	will be+Ving this time tomorrow at 6 o’clock on Sunday	will+haveV3 by tomorrow by the time by then	will have been+Ving by…for by the time…for

Passive Voice


Active and passive structures

Tenses	Active voice	Passive voice Be+V3
Present Simple	Students write course papers twice a year.	Course papers are written twice a year.
Past Simple	A student wrote a course paper last week.	A course paper was written last week.
Future Simple	We will write a course paper in May.	A course paper will be written in May.
Present Cont.	My friend is taking an exam now.	An exam is being taken now.
Past Cont.	We were taking an exam at 6 yesterday.	An exam was being taken at 6 yesterday.
Present Perfect	We have already made a report.	A report has already been made.
Past Perfect	We had made a report by last week.	A report had been made by last week.
Future Perfect	We will have made a report by tomorrow.	A report will have been made by tomorrow.

P.S. Future Continuous; Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous are not used in passive voice.


Reported Speech. Sequence of Tenses


1. Affirmative/Negative Sentences

Direct speech	The tenses change:	Reported speech
Nick said, “I study English at university.”	present simple past simple	Nick said (that) he studied English at university.
“I am reading a scientific paper now.”	present cont. past cont.	He said to me (that) he was reading a scientific paper then.
“I have written 2 articles this month.”	present perfect past perfect	He told me (that) he had written 2 articles that month.
“I have been reading for an hour.”	pr. perf. cont. past perf. cont.	He mentioned (that), he had been reading for an hour.
“I didn’t pass an exam last week.”	past simple past simple or past perfect	He informed us, he hadn’t passed/didn’t pass an exam the previous week.
“I was reading at 6 yesterday.”	past cont. past cont. or past perf. continuous	He told me, he was reading/had been reading at 6 the day before.
“I won’t study German next year.”	will would	He regretted, he wouldn’t study German the following year.

2. 
   Reported Questions
   

1. 
   General:
   

He asked me, “Can you prove your statement?”	He asked me if I could prove my statement.
He wanted to know, “Did you pass the exam?”	He wanted to know if we had passed / passed the exam.
She wondered, “Do you like this film?”	She wondered whether I liked that film.

2. 
   Special:
   

She asked me, “Where did you study?”	She asked me where I studied / had studied.
She wanted to know, “Who is your supervisor?”	She wanted to know who my supervisor was.
He wondered, “How much will you pay for the books?”	He wondered how much I would pay for the books.

3. 
   Reported commands, requests
   

1. 
   Affirmative:
   

Direct speech	Reported speech
“Be quiet!”	The teacher told us / ordered us to be quiet.
“You should do this task by tomorrow”.	The supervisor advised me to do the task by the following day.
“Read the preface to the book”.	The lecturer asked the students to read the preface to the book.

2. 
   Negative:
   

Direct speech	Reported speech
“Don’t be so noisy!	The lecturer asked us not to be so noisy.
“You can’t be late for the meeting”.	The supervisor told me not to be late for the meeting.
“You mustn’t miss the classes”.	The dean ordered the students not to miss the classes.

4.