Reservoir model for twodimensional electron gases in quantizing magnetic fields: a review
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71 adabiyot zawadzki2013
physica
s s p status solidi b occupied LLs. In the condition of a constant electron density N in the QW Eq. (2) represents an integral equation for the Fermi energy E F (B). Figure 2(a) shows the function E F (B) calculated for m ¼ 0.0665 m 0 , N 0 ¼ 8 10 11 cm 2 , G ¼ 0.5 meV and T ¼ 6 K. It can be seen that the Fermi energy at a constant electron density oscillates quite strongly as a function of B. To understand the mechanism of these oscillations let us assume that the Fermi level E F is within nth LL. As B increases, there are more states in LLs below E F and, in consequence, the filled electron states occupy a smaller fraction of the level n. In fact, one can see in Fig. 2(a) that E F moves to the lower part of the level n. One can also say that in this region the Fermi level is ‘pinned’ to the LL because DOS related to the latter is quite high. For a suf ficiently large field B all N electrons can be accommodated by (n 1) levels. At this field E F falls abruptly to the (n 1) level. Since we assumed DOS between LLs to be negligibly small, this sharp drop of E F is vertical at low temperatures. As the field increases further, the process is repeated with the (n 1) level. We emphasize (see also below) that, if there were some nonvanishing DOS between the levels, the drop of E F from the nth to the (n 1) level would not be vertical. At higher temperatures, the drop of E F is not vertical even with no DOS between the levels. The free energy of the system is F ¼ NE F kT Z 1 1 r ðEÞln 1 þ exp E E F kT dE : ð3Þ The magnetization of the system is M ¼ (@F/@B) T . One obtains M ¼ ekT 2p hc X n;s ffiffiffi 2 p r 1 g Z 1 0 ln 1 þ e h z ð Þexp 2y 2 ns 1 þ 4u ns y ns g dz : ð4Þ Figure 2(b) shows the magnetization calculated accord- ing to Eq. (4) for the above m , N 0 , G ¼ 0.5 meV and T ¼ 4.2 K. It can be seen that the diamagnetism of 2DEG oscillates symmetrically around the zero value. The inclusion of the spin splitting does not change this picture, it simply doubles the number of peaks. As follows from Fig. 2(a) and (b), the magnetization oscillations follow quite closely those of the E F E 0 energy difference. Next we want to calculate the thermoelectric power of 2DEG at high magnetic fields. It may appear surprising that a transport effect which in principle is related to carrier ’s scattering can be expressed by the equilibrium thermodynamic functions. This is possible because at high fields, for which v c t >> 1, one may neglect diagonal components of the conductivity tensor while the non- diagonal components do not depend on scattering. In order to calculate a(B) in the presence of a temperature gradient one should also include the magnetization, as showed by Obraztsov [21], see also Ref. [20]. All in all, one obtains the thermoelectric power a(B) at high fields in the simple form a B ð Þ ¼ S eN ; ð5Þ Figure 1 DOS for 2D electrons in a magnetic field. The shaded areas indicate localized regions. It is assumed that between the LLs (a –a 0 region) DOS is practically zero. After Ref. [7]. Figure 2 (a) The Fermi energy versus magnetic field, calculated for 2DEG in GaAs at a constant electron density N and T ¼ 6 K. The LLs are indicated. (b) Normalized magnetization of 2DEG (diamagnetic part) versus magnetic field, calculated for the same conditions and T ¼ 4.2 K. Here M 0 ¼ ekT/hc. (c) Dimensionless thermoelectric power of 2DEG in GaAs versus magnetic field, calculated for the same conditions as in (a). The dashed line indicates maxima values of ( e/k)(ln2)/n, where n is the filling factor. After Ref. [20]. Phys. Status Solidi B 251, No. 2 (2014) 249 www.pss-b.com ß 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Download 1.56 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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