Reservoir model for twodimensional electron gases in quantizing magnetic fields: a review
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71 adabiyot zawadzki2013
physica
s s p status solidi b GaAlAs barrier were explicitly displayed. Sabín del Valle and de Dios-Leyva [25] performed a similar calculation for T > 0 and two spacer values. Their results for the electron transfer are shown in our Figs. 4 and 5. A striking example of a very broad QHE plateau related to the charge carrier transfer from a reservoir was recently observed in monolayer graphene grown on SiC, see Janssen et al. [19]. In Fig. 10 we reproduce the calculated change of the 2D density N(B) obtained for the investigated sample. It is seen that, beginning from B 7.5 T the density increases linearly with the field up to B 15 T. The electrons are provided by surface-donor states in SiC (Si interface). Figure 11 shows the measured magneto-transport compo- nents r xx and r xy versus magnetic field. The very large plateau of r xy and the corresponding zero value of r xx are seen (highest available magnetic field was B ¼ 14 T). According to the interpretation given in Ref. [19] the quantum Hall and ShdH plateaus are solely due to the electron transfer. The authors argue that there are donors at the graphene –Si interface which provide the reservoir. On the other hand, the situation is very different for the graphene-C interface. A very large plateau of QHE (its width was more than 20 T) observed on graphene also grown on SiC, but with C interface, is not believed to be stabilized by a reservoir, see Jouault et al. [33]. This, however, leaves this large plateau unexplained. Toyoda et al. [34] developed a theory of QHE in relation to the von Klitzing et al. experiments on MOSFET structures [1]. The authors observed that in these experi- ments one controlled the chemical potential, not the electron density. Using the formalism for a grand canonical ensemble the Hall conductivity was calculated: s H ¼ Nec/B, which represents the inverse Hall resistivity. The localized electron states were not taken into account. The obtained results described quite well the quantum Hall plateaus of Ref. [1] and their gradual disappearance with increasing temperature. Toyoda and Zhang [35] described QHE in monolayer graphene using the reservoir model. The authors make a vague statement that ‘the electron reservoir is the 2DEG itself ’. The resulting description agrees well with experi- mental data of Zhang et al. [36]. Toyoda [37] considered radiation-induced magneto-resistance oscillations in GaAs/ GaAlAs heterostructures, first observed by Zudov et al. [38] and Mani et al. [39], and demonstrated that they can be well described by the reservoir model. In particular, this description accounts for the fact that the oscillations are independent of the radiation polarization, as observed by Smet et al. [40]. Finally, we mention two atypical investigations which used the reservoir model in magneto-transport. von Ortenberg et al. [41] showed theoretically that the resonant donor state introduced by Fe atoms in the conduction band of zero-gap HgFeSe serves as an electron reservoir and can lead to 2D-like behaviour of magneto-transport tensor when the samples are made suf ficiently thin. Kulbachinski et al. [42] investigated experimentally bulk semimetal alloys Bi 2 Te 3 and Sb 2 Te 3 demonstrating that an overlap of the conduction and valence bands, which works effectively as an electron reservoir, leads to plateaus of QHE. 3.2 Oscillations of Fermi level and thermo- electric power We showed in Section 2 that the Fermi level also oscillates as the magnetic field B changes. Such oscillations can be measured by the so-called floating-gate technique. We do not go into explanations of this method (its description can be found in Ref. [11]), but show the results. The behaviour of E F (B) is of importance since, as follows from the figures in Section 2, it can shed light on the subject of our interest. Namely, as follows from Fig. 2(a), in the regime of constant density N the drops of E F on the higher- field sides are vertical if there is negligible background DOS between LLs. On the other hand, Figs. 4 and 5 indicate that in the regime of oscillating N and E F the drops of the Fermi level on high- field sides are not vertical. Figure 12 shows in three parts the experimental behaviour of Fermi energy (a), QHE (b) and ShdH effect (c) in GaAs/GaAlAs heterostructure measured by Nizhan- kovskii et al. [11]. It is seen that the drops of E F on the high- field sides of oscillations are far from vertical. This can correspond to either background DOS between LLs or to the 2D electron transfer in the reservoir approach. The authors attributed their results to the electron transfer and showed that the latter can explain the QHE data. In Fig. 13 we quote results of Fang et al. [43] on E F oscillations and the ShdH effect observed on a Si inversion layer. It is seen that the drops of E F on the high- field sides are also not vertical. A direct comparison of E F with transport effects can furnish another useful information. The behaviour of Fermi energy is not sensitive to the mobility edges between localized and Figure 10 Carrier density in monolayer graphene grown on SiC versus magnetic field, as described by the charge transfer model (black thick line). For details see Ref. [19]. Figure 11 Experimental r xx and r xy of monolayer graphene grown on SiC versus magnetic field. A very broad plateau of QHE is seen for r xy , corresponding to the linear increase of charge density shown in Fig. 10. After Ref. [19]. Phys. Status Solidi B 251, No. 2 (2014) 255 www.pss-b.com ß 2013 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Download 1.56 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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