Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program: a qualitative Analysis of a Troubled Corporate Initiative
Extraordinary, deconstruction, and resistance rituals
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Rise and Fall of an Information Technology Outsourcing Program A
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- The bureaucratic ethic and morality of corporate managers.
Extraordinary, deconstruction, and resistance rituals.
Normal rituals, as just described, are intended to maintain an established order or practice. In events where these rituals cannot maintain social integration, extraordinary rituals may be invoked, improvised, and performed to symbolically and substantively redress the failed normal ritual (Lincoln, 1989). Contemporary examples include divorce proceedings as a response to a failed marriage, or impeachment proceedings as a response to a failed politician. Rituals are also a means with which to deconstruct society. A “schism” ritual is a way to divide a group, while a “massacre” ritual eliminates some portion of a social unit. Lincoln (1989) illustrated these rituals with algebraic examples. An Integrated Society = (A + B), a Schism = (A + B) (A) + (B), and a Massacre = (A + B) – B (A). Both forms redraw the borders of a society (represented by parenthesis), one just more dramatically than the other. In the case of schism, two competing segments separate yet remain part of the larger society, whereas massacre eliminates all members of one of the original segments. 25 The bureaucratic ethic and morality of corporate managers. Managers in modern bureaucratic organizations develop their personal ethics, decision-making preferences, and sense of how the world works based upon the “organizational rules in use” by their superiors. Given the prevalence of bureaucratic structures of control, power, and privilege in nearly all modern institutions, it is not surprising that the moral code of most organizations is then the de facto ethics of corporate managers. Jackall (2010) posited: Bureaucracy transforms all moral issues immediately into practical concerns. A moral judgment based on a professional ethic makes little sense in a world where the etiquette of authority relationships and the necessity for protecting and covering for one’s boss, one’s network, and oneself supersede all other considerations and where non- accountability for action is the norm. As a matter of survival, not to mention advancement, corporate managers have to keep their eye fixed not on abstract principles but on the social framework of their world and its requirements. Thus, they simply do not see most issues that confront them as moral concerns even when problems might be posed in moral terms by others. (p.117) The corporate manager is more likely to make decisions with an “eye fixed on what has to be done to meet external and organizational exigencies” (p. 140) than weigh choices through a broader moral frame of independent thinking or professional code of ethics. This form of compartmentalized thinking creates “vast systems of organized irresponsibility” (p. 100) that insulates upper-echelon decision makers from the consequences of their actions. Thus, understanding the elements of this bureaucratic moral code is warranted and applicable to this research. 26 When faced with making nonroutine decisions or addressing “gut decisions” for which procedures do not exist, managers practice behaviors Jackall (2010) described as “looking up and looking around.” In these situations—particularly those involving significant money, exposure, or organizational impacts—managers are motivated to “make things turn out the way they are supposed to, that is, as defined or expected by their bosses” (p. 81). Faced with “gut decisions,” managers often have a sense they are in over their head, but would never reveal these feelings of self-doubt to others. Bureaucracy encourages the upward flow of credit and downward flow of details. Thus, many managers become adept at avoiding certain decisions, even if they have decision-making authority. One’s ability to sidestep decisions is tied to dexterity with symbols, particularly the use of euphemistic language. More vexing problems call for more dry and vague, albeit elaborate, language to describe the situation. Advancement beyond upper-middle executive levels requires a mastery of manipulating this fluid discourse (Jackall, 2010). Jackall (2010) suggested that corporate managers work in “an endless round of what might be called probationary crucibles” (p. 43). This endless state of being on probation creates persistent anxiety in managers while also conditioning and training ambitious managers on what is needed to succeed at higher levels. Managers need to seek and successfully obtain the support of higher-level leaders who can act as sponsors, mentors, and patrons to provide them with opportunities for visibility to showcase their abilities and stand out from their peers. Ultimately, the moral code of the bureaucratic organization contains the following general edicts: (1) You never go around your boss. (2) You tell your boss what he wants to hear, even when your boss claims that he wants dissenting views. (3) If your boss wants something dropped, you drop it. (4) You are sensitive to your boss’s wishes so that you anticipate 27 what he wants; you don’t force him, in other words, to act as boss. (5) Your job is not to report something that your boss does not want reported, but rather to cover it up. You do what your job requires, and you keep your mouth shut. (p. 115) Further exacerbating the social difficulties of managers is the “fragmentation of consciousness” (p. 88) or marginalization of their ability to reflect about the future because of the pressure to produce annually, quarterly, monthly, and daily results. Institutions reward managers who successfully navigate the matrix of institutional logic, exigencies, and individual advantage to produce expedient results. In return, “the manager alert to expediency learns to appraise all situations and all other people as he comes to see himself—as an object, a commodity, something to be scrutinized, rearranged, tinkered with, packaged, advertised, promoted, and sold” (p.125). The eventual consequence of this constant yielding to expediency is the erosion of any firm ethical lines for corporate managers’ decision-making framework. Download 1.05 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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