Rock Art in Central Asia
The Altai Mountains in Northwest Mongolia
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- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Links with other Sub-zones
- Known sites 4
- Significant rock art sites in Bayan Ölgiy aimag 5 Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor Complex Location
- Geography and coordinates
- Total number of individual images
- Rock art traditions, dating, percentage
- Cultural context
- Upper Tsagaan Gol Complex (Shiveet Khairkhan) Location
- Character of rock
- Aral Tolgoi Location
- Conservation and Management
The Altai Mountains in Northwest Mongolia Esther Jacobson-Tepfer Profile of region The richest region for rock art in the Altai Mountains of northwestern Mongolia is included in the adjoining aimags of Bayan Ölgiy and Khovd. This region abutting Mongolia’s borders with northern China and Russia (Altai Republic) is characterized by a high and rocky mountainous uplift in the west descending to dry steppe and desert steppe in the east. Throughout most of this region, forest is limited to small relic stands of larch on north facing slopes except in the immediate area to the south of the Khoton, Khurgan, and Dayan Nuur. In general, the prevailing vegetation is limited to rough grasses and thickets of willow or pine along streams. There is ample evidence, however, that in the early and middle Holocene, this region was both wetter and more temperate and tree cover far more wide-spread. The once extensive system of glaciers crowning the high mountains in this sub-zone is now radically diminished by comparison to their size at the beginning of the 20 th c., and snow-cover has decreased. As a result, many streams and marshes now become dry in the summer months. With the exception of one important cave, Khoit Tsenkir, in Khovd aimag, all the rock art of this region is found on sandstone outcroppings of ridges, on the extensively exposed bedrock of high valleys, or on sandstone and granitic boulders in the higher elevations. The sandstone is of a hardened metagreywacke; characteristically the surfaces in question have been extensively scraped and polished by ancient glacial action. By contrast, the granitic boulders that are found on moraines are generally characterized by exfoliating outer rinds with the result that the rock art visible on their surfaces has often been partially lost. The limestone characteristic of lower elevations in this region does not support rock art activity. Within mountainous Bayan Ölgiy, if one counts all the ridges and cliffs on which one now finds concentrations of pecked or engraved imagery there must be over one hundred rock art sites. Of those sites, there are at least seven major complexes of rock art, each with hundreds or many thousands of individual images. At least two of these complexes extend over many kilometers along their valleys and up adjoining slopes. The rock art of mountainous Bayan Ölgiy can be dated from the late Pleistocene through to the late Holocene. In cultural terms, that would extend from the late Paleolithic through the Turkic period of our era. An unusually large concentration of the earliest material—late Pleistocene and early Holocene––is found at Aral Tolgoi, but images of mammoths and other early megafauna are also found at Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor. Within the major sites and complexes, the most extensive material dates to the Bronze Age—from early in that period to its late phase. Rock art from the Early Iron Age is also well represented in three of the largest sites as is that from the Turkic period. If one uses terminology developed for rock art traditions in the Russian Altai region, then it is possible to identify several such traditions within the Mongolian Altai. It is an open question, however, whether such nomenclature is here appropriate or wise. Archaeologically the region under consideration is relatively unexplored. Survey work by Soviet and Mongolian researchers relating to pre-Bronze Age cultures was carried out along a few river valleys but that work has not been extended in recent decades. Two years ago and following a survey of a limited border area in the permafrost zone, a team of Mongolian, Russian, and German Rock Art in Central Asia 114 researchers excavated four Early Iron Age burials in the upper Oigor basin. Elsewhere there have been sporadic and hitherto unpublished, poorly published or even unauthorized excavations of Bronze and Early Iron Age burials and ceremonial structures. With the exception, therefore, of the burials that appear clearly representative of the Scythian culture in the Altai-Sayan region, there is little understanding, to date, of specific cultural manifestations within excavation archaeology. By contrast, an extensive survey and analysis of surface archaeology and rock art throughout mountainous Bayan Ölgiy has been completed by a team from the University of Oregon under the auspices of a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (USA). This survey includes several thousand features integrated into a developed GIS database and geo-spatial display. 1 Bayan Ölgiy and much of Khovd aimags presently include a majority Kazakh population and smaller numbers of Tuvans and Urianghai Mongols. Rock art in the immediate vicinity of areas where people have congregated over the last hundred years (e.g., winter dwellings) have frequently been damaged by extensive modern writing and image making. This damage appears to have occurred especially during the Socialist period. For the most part, however, the rock art of mountainous Bayan Ölgiy has escaped human destructive attention. The same cannot be said, unfortunately, about the only major site of cave art in the larger region, the Khoit Tsenkir cave. 2 Within many of the sites and complexes mentioned below, one finds loci of worship in the form of ovoo. These sometimes complex constructions are not necessarily related to surrounding rock art; but the locations of ovoo and of specific rock art concentrations are certainly related to major physical features in the landscape. Links with other Sub-zones Rock art from the late Paleolithic through the Early Bronze Age––richly represented at Aral Tolgoi and in the Upper Tsagaan Gol and Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor complexes and distantly glimpsed in paintings from Khoit Tsenkir––has parallels in the few images identified on the Ukok Plateau (Kalguty) and in a few sites in the upper Yenisey Basin. Traditions from the full Bronze Age, the period from which we find the appearance of scenes of hunting, caravanning, cart driving and herding, have clearest parallels in material from the Russian Altai. The Late Bronze Age, with its rich repertory of hunting, herding and riding scenes, also finds extensive parallels in the Russian Altai and some within Kazakhstan. 3 Rock Art from the Early Iron Age is also clearly related to that of the same regions; but following the cultural expansion of early nomadic peoples of the Scythian period to the west and southwest, contemporaneous rock art traditions in the Mongolian Altai also have significant parallels in China, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Certain motifs are particularly interesting as markers of the regional location of cultures or of their expansion. The image of a moth-winged anthropomorph — attested frequently in the Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor complex and occasionally at other sites in our region — has no known parallels in the Russian Altai. On the other hand, several Bronze Age motifs are ubiquitous across a broad swath of northern China, Mongolia, Tuva and the Russian Altai: a figure wearing a rounded headdress and carrying a sack or hunting stick (daluur) hanging from his waist; a particular rendition of a two wheeled vehicle (cart); and a style of representation that is vital and often 1 The Mongolian Altai Inventory has resulted in an integrated geo-spatial database, an extensive photographic archive available on the internet (http://boundless.uoregon.edu/digcol/maic/), an interactive website for scholars and planners (http://mongolianaltai.uoregon.edu), and a published volume, Archaeology and Landscape in the Mongolian Altai: an Atlas (ESRI Press). 2 This report will not attempt to include sites in Khovd aimag. Khoit Tsenkir, the most important site in that region, has unfortunately been badly damaged by a number of factors: use of the cave by animals and local populations as well as by amateur and scholarly attention. The once discernible paintings said to represent Pleistocene animals have been essentially obliterated by damage and repainting. 3 The material that must exist in the Chinese Altai is either unknown or poorly published and hence inaccessible for comparison. The Altai Mountains in Northwest Mongolia 115 elegant. Figures with top-knots and the belted tunics of horse riders are found frequently in the Mongolian sites; they have parallels in the Russian Altai and in Kazakhstan. The most interesting cultural marker is the image of a stylized deer that occurs regularly throughout the Mongolian Altai. This has its most important parallels in the deer stones of northern and central Mongolia, as well as in rock art of the Russian Altai and to the southwest through China into Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Imagery often referred to as of the Arzhan tradition of Tuva is found regularly throughout the region. Images of riders and hunters from the Turkic period are paralleled by material from the Russian Altai. In other words it is clear that throughout the Bronze and Iron Ages, cultural traditions were shared and enriched across the Altai-Sayan uplifts. Given the basic similarities in the mountainous landscapes on all sides of the international borders and in the bedrock, this continuity of tradition across the Altai ridge is not surprising. Known sites 4 1 Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor 2 Upper Tsagaan Gol 3 Aral Tolgoi 4 Bilüüt 5 Upper Khöltsöötiin Gol 6 Khar Yamaa 7 Boregtiin Gol Significant rock art sites in Bayan Ölgiy aimag 5 Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor Complex Location: Along the Tsagaan Salaa and Baga Oigor rivers in Ulaan Khus sum, approximately 80 km from the sum center and 150 km. from Ölgiy. Geography and coordinates: mountain steppe, approximately 2000 – 2200 m. in elevation; 49’ 25 N, 88’15 E. Character of rock: outcroppings, cliffs, erratics of metagreywacke; granitic erratics; considerable glacial scrape. Total number of individual images: more than 75,000 (estimated) Area of image distribution: images appear along the terraces above the rivers, on rock outcroppings in deep draws and up adjoining slopes over a straight line distance of 14 km. Rock art traditions, dating, percentage - Execution: pecking, engraving, scratching, gouging - Traditions: Pre-Bronze Age (5%), Bronze Age (40%), Early Iron Age (30%), Turkic period (1 %), undetermined (24%) [estimated]. 4 Listed here are only those sites of outstanding importance and size. I do not include the many rock art concentrations found on scattered ridges and cliffs throughout the region. 5 This list includes only the most important and best documented sites within mountainous Bayan Ölgiy. Rock Art in Central Asia 116 Archaeological context: informal survey for Paleolithic artifacts along terraces (unpublished); excavation of Early Iron Age burials a little higher in the valleys (Mongolian-Russian-German Expedition, publication in preparation). Cultural context: the valleys are currently inhabited by Kazakh herders. They are generally uninterested in the petroglyphs and related surface archaeology. Existing documentation: - Approximately 15,000 photographs (B-W, color) including extensive views of the landscape and surface archaeology within the valley; and of specific concentrations of petroglyphs, individual compositions and details. This material is archived at the University of Oregon. - 1323 drawings published and originals archived at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography-RAS, Novosibirsk. - Full set of Soviet period aerial photographs (University of Oregon) - GPS and GIS documentation of complete site, including all petroglyphic nodes and surface structures; extensive derived mapping - (University of Oregon). - Publications of the complex: Jacobson E, Kubarev VD, Tseveendorj D. Mongolie du Nord-Ouest: Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor. Répertoire des Pétroglyphes d’Asie centrale, Fascicule No. 6. 2 vols. Paris: DeBoccard, 2001. Text, 1323 drawings, 399 photographs, 13 maps and 4 landscape models and charts. Kubarev VD, Tseveendorj D, Yakobson (Jacobson), E. Petroglify Tsagaan-Salaa i Baga-Oigora (Mongol’skii Altai). Novosibirsk: Institute of Archaelogy and Ethnography-RAS, 2005. Including text, 1388 drawings, 116 pp. charts, 61 photographs. - This complex has been integrated into the interactive website and developed database supported by NEH (University of Oregon) Value of site: - Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor Complex is one of the largest, oldest and least damaged concentrations of rock art in North Asia. The quality of its imagery, particularly that of the Bronze Age, is unsurpassed by any sites with which I am familiar in the Russian Altai or in Kazakhstan. Upper Tsagaan Gol Complex (Shiveet Khairkhan) Location: Upper Tsagaan Gol and its principle tributaries, the Khar Salaa and Tsagaan Salaa, in Tsengel’ sum, approximately 65 km. from the sum center, and approximately 130 km. from Ölgiy. Geography and Coordinates: high mountain valley just east of Tavan Bogd; rich pasture within the valley and on the mountain slopes above; some limited tree cover in less accessible parts of the valley. 49’ 10 N, 88’15 E; elevations range from 2000 – 2500 m. Character of rock: metagreywacke outcroppings, cliffs, erratics; considerable glacial scrape. Total number of individual images: 75,000–100,000 (estimated) Area of image distribution: on outcroppings around the sacred mountain Shiveet Khairkhan and on both sides of Khar Salaa and Tsagaan Salaa up to a considerable elevation above Tsagaan The Altai Mountains in Northwest Mongolia 117 Salaa; along the terminal and lateral moraines on either side of the upper Tsagaan Gol. Total straight-line distance included in the complex: 22.5 km. (E – W). Rock art traditions, dating, percentage: - Execution: pecking, engraving, scratching, gouging - Traditions: Pre-Bronze Age (5%), Bronze Age (40%), Early Iron Age (30%), Turkic period (10 %), undetermined (15%) (estimated). Archaeological context: informal survey of Paleolithic artifacts, no formal survey or documentation. This complex is exceedingly rich in surface archaeology––altars, burial mounds, ritual mounds, standing stones and Turkic memorial structures; these have been included in the complex study. Cultural context: Tuvan herders now inhabit the upper valley but earlier in the 20 th century it was inhabited by Kazakh herders. The present inhabitants take a generally benign view of the petroglyphs and surface monuments. The modern writing that has despoiled a few rock surfaces appears to be Kazakh although new damage (since 2008) suggests the work of Chinese tourists. Existing documentation: - Approximately 17,000 photographs (B-W, color) including extensive views of the landscape, surface archaeology, and individual outcroppings, and of individual compositions and details. This material is archived at the University of Oregon. - 1303 drawings published and originals archived at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography-RAS, Novosibirsk. - Full set of Soviet period aerial photographs (University of Oregon) - GPS and GIS documentation of complete site, including all petroglyphic nodes and surface structures; extensive derived mapping - (University of Oregon). - Publication of the complex: • Jacobson-Tepfer, E, Kubarev, VD, Tseveendorj, D. • Mongolie du Nord-ouest-Haut Tsagaan Gol. Répertoire des Pétroglyphes d’Asie centrale, Fascicule No. 7. 2 vols. Paris: DeBoccard, 2006. Text, 1303 drawings, 706 photographs and 9 maps - This complex has been integrated into the interactive website and developed database supported by NEH (University of Oregon) Value of site: - The Upper Tsagaan Gol Complex rivals that of Tsagaan Gol/Baga Oigor in its size and in the quality of its rock art. The primary differences between the two complexes are several: TS/BO has a more significant layer of pre-Bronze Age imagery, including rare images of mammoths. The Upper Tsagaan Gol has an unusually rich layer of Turkic imagery. The Bronze and Early Iron Age materials in both complexes are virtually equal in quality and quantity. The Upper Tsagaan Gol is distinguished by the quantity of its surface monuments and by the clear indications that the complex was developed over millennia around the sacred mountain, Shiveet Khairkhan. Aral Tolgoi Location: western shore of Khoton Nuur, within a flood plain bordered by Tsagaan Salaa (north) and Khara Salagiin Gol (south); within Tsengel’ sum, approximately 100 km. from the sum center, and approximately 160 km. from Ölgiy. Rock Art in Central Asia 118 Geography and Coordinates: deep, glacier carved valley between high mountains to north, south (border with China) and west; extensive forest cover to south and southeast (larch, pine); great lakes to east; 48’60 N, 88’12 E; elevation approximately 1900 m. Character of rock: metagreywacke bedrock, extremely worn by glacial action and weather. Total number of images: approximately 1,400 but many are too worn to decipher. Area of image distribution: a long, whale-shaped hill running southeast to northwest for a distance of approximately 1.5 km. Rock art traditions, dating, percentage: - Execution: pecking, engraving, scratching, gouging - Traditions: Pre-Bronze Age (80%), Bronze Age (10%), Early Iron Age (2%), Turkic period (1 %), undetermined (7%) (estimated). Archaeological context: informal survey of Stone Age artifacts in adjoining flood plain. Unauthorized and unpublished excavations of Early Iron Age burials to the east, on the south shore of Khurgan Nuur. Extensive Early Iron Age and Turkic Period monuments to the south and west of the hill. Cultural context: presently within a border zone, this area is theoretically off-limits to a general public. There is a Kazakh population around the lakes during the summer and a permanent border guard station at the east end of Aral Tolgoi. Existing documentation: - Approximately 2500 photographs (B-W, color), including landscapes, adjoining surface archaeology, and individual outcroppings; and of individual compositions and details. This material is archived at the University of Oregon. - 169+ drawings published and originals archived at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography-RAS, Novosibirsk. - GPS and GIS documentation of complete site, including all petroglyphic nodes and surface structures; extensive derived mapping - (University of Oregon). - Publication of the complex: Tseveendorj, D, Kubarev VD, Yakobson (Jacobson), E. Aral Tolgoin Khadny Zurag (Petroglyphs of Aral Tolgoi [Mongolia]). Ulaanbaatar: Institute of Archaeology–MAS, 2005. Text (Mongolian, Russian, English), 169 drawings, 20 photographs, 2 maps and one elevational drawing - This complex has been integrated into the interactive website and developed database supported by NEH (University of Oregon) Value of site: - Aral Tolgoi is unique within all known sites of North and Central Asia: it appears to be the largest open-air concentration of rock art from the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Research Existing research on the three major complexes in mountainous Bayan Ölgiy is referred to above. Unpublished photographic documentation and GIS data exist for Khar Yamaa (University of The Altai Mountains in Northwest Mongolia 119 Oregon), Khöltsöötiin Gol (University of Oregon) and scattered small sites. Bilüüt has been documented to an unknown extent by Richard Kortum (East Tennessee State University) and colleagues from the Institute of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar. None of the complexes and sites have been researched for their relationship to present populations since most herders (Kazakhs and Tuvans) have only moved into this region during the last 100 years. The tiny Urianghai population may be older. Protection Physical isolation and the absence of mineral exploitation have hitherto been the most significant factors in the generally excellent state of preservation of the three principle complexes and of all the others, too. Aral Tolgoi lies within a protected border zone; that priceless site, part of the Upper Tsagaan Gol complex, and Bilüüt are also included in the Altai Tavan Bogd National Park. However, some of the most significant rock art within the Upper Tsagaan Gol lies just outside the park boundaries, and Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor lies entirely outside any protective zone. Both the Upper Tsagaan Gol and Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor are receiving ever increasing numbers of tourists who are particularly interested in the rock art but quite ignorant of basic cautionary measures: not to drive over or walk on the carved surfaces, not to rub, trace or in any other way touch the images. Conservation and Management Aral Tolgoi shows the most significant effects of ancient glacial action and recurring harsh weather. On the other hand, the Border Guard station at its base means that it could receive the most careful attention of all sites in Bayan Ölgiy. The most useful way to protect this truly extraordinary site would be to forbid the herding of small animals (sheep and goats) over the hill: their hoofs are visibly destructive and their recurring feeding has come close to denuding much of the hillside. The Upper Tsagaan Gol and Tsagaan Salaa/Baga Oigor are too huge to fence or otherwise physically protect. They are, moreover, in danger of being ‘loved to death,’ both by increasingly interested local populations and tourists. The best way to protect these large sites is to educate the tourist agencies and their leaders bringing tourists into these valleys; and the local inhabitants of the valley regarding the rock art’s cultural value and its preservation and the potential benefit to the local population through tourism. It should be possible to deputize local herders in each valley to patrol the complexes on a regular basis. This last effort would not require much funding but could be very effective. There presently exist some precedents for such supervisory functions within the Altai Tavan Bogd Park zone, but these individuals are too few with too vast an area to oversee, and they themselves are uneducated in the care of the rock art sites. Presently there are no local authorities occupied with issues of site management. The branch of the Academy of Sciences in Ölgiy and the staff of the Museum of Art in that town as well as interested individuals in some of the local population centers could easily be brought into a collaborative effort at educating young people and alerting scholars to the value of the region’s rock art. Regrettably, even the best-intentioned local (and sometimes, not so local) scholars are ignorant of the importance of not impacting the stone surfaces. This could easily be modified, I believe, with a little funding and will. In this part of Mongolia, as throughout the country, funding for cultural issues is extremely limited or non-existent. |
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