Rock Art in Central Asia
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- Description of the Site
- The Main Substrate of Rock Art
- Protection and Current Condition of the Site
- Kurteke Rock
- Prevailing Types of Landscape
- Quantity and Distribution of Sites
- The Modern Ethno-Cultural Context No traditions of specific worship or reverence toward rock art sites were identified.
- Level of Study Dalskiy A.-N. discovered and examined the concentration of petroglyphs in 1947 (Dalsky 1949, 1950). Description of the Site
Vybistdara In the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, in the Shungon district, 30km east of Khorog City and 7-8km away from Debast (Vybist), on the left bank of the Vybist-Dara River near the summertime encampment (kosh) Tirel; altitude: 3,500m. There is a total of 1,203 drawings registered on an area of 1.2 ha. Level of Study The Vybistdara petroglyphs were discovered in 1960 by a biologist, A.-V. Gurskiy. In 1972, the site was surveyed by a petroglyph researcher group from the Pamir Archeological Party of the AS of Tajikistan (group leaders: Ranov V.-A., Zhukov V.-A., etc). The boundaries of the main concentrations of petroglyphs were established and the groups described; the most interesting drawings were photographed and traced on paper. The petroglyphs were provisionally classified (Ranov 1976: 6-12; 2001: 146-147), but most have remained unpublished. Description of the Site Petroglyphs are pecked on the patinated surfaces of large fragments of granite in large mounds on the slope of the gorge. All images are pecked and differ in patina shade. Four (A,B,C,D) groups of petroglyphs are associated with different mounds and different chronologic, stylistic, and motif peculiarities. The largest petroglyph concentration (including the most ancient) is near a site of summer pasture. In general, the repertoire of petroglyphs is not very varied, but it is notable for a large number of humans, signs and ornamental motifs. The most common motif is a row of horse riders following one another. There are many scenes of hunting archers including horse riders. A scene of wild yak communal hunting was carved on a large surface. There are several examples of an armed man fighting an unarmed man and varying motifs of running men holding hands. Numerous signs such as circles with a central point and an intersection, florets, and squares are interesting. The latest images include an open palm –a famous symbol of Pamirian Ismaili. Rare images include camels, dogs, and chariots. Rock Art in Central Asia 80 Dating According to style and repertoire, there are images of the Early Iron Age (few images of animals in a tradition of animalistic style) and of the Islamic medieval period including its end (horse riders, battle scenes, signs, open palms) (Ranov 1976: 6-12). The drawings are dated from the 1 st millennium BC to the 16 th - 19 th centuries, and medieval petroglyphs prevail. The Most Significant Rock Art Sites in Eastern Pamir Akdzhilga The site is in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, in the Murgab District, 100km north-east of the district capital –Murgab settlement on the southern slope of Bazar Dara (North Alichur) Range, not far from the Akdzhilga pass at an altitude of 3,800m. The Ak-Dzhilga petroglyphs are among the highest in Central Asia. The highest peaks of Pamir, also referred to as “Roof of the World”, Ismoili Somoni (7,495m), and Revolutsiya Peak (6,974m) are located 90-140km farther east. At the end of the 1960’s, geologist Bulin V.-P. discovered petroglyphs in an area difficult to access on the Severnaya Akdzhilga River. They significantly differ from the ones known in Pamir. In 1972, archeologists Zhukov V.-A. and Ranov V.-A., with a small group of colleagues (a photographer and an artist) recorded this unique concentration of rock art. A special summary article by Zhukov and Ranov on the Akdzhilga petroglyphs was published in the same year. The Main Substrate of Rock Art The petroglyphs are engraved on the surface of a solitary flattened rock (shale) (23.6 x19m), located on the right bank of the valley at a height of 25m above the river. The wind has given a mirror-like polish to the black surface of the rock; images take up almost one-fourth of the surface. The slab stands out in the environment among the chaos of numerous morainic rock fragments. Technique Akdzhilga petroglyphs were made with a technique unusual for Pamir. An outline was initially incised on the surface with a sharp tool, then it was shaded inside with carved lines and then additionally abraded. The lines of the drawing are shallow and practically the same color as the rock surface. Pecking techniques were only used for several petroglyphs obviously dated to later periods. Description of the Site There are a total of 100 petroglyphs on the rock surface. There also are isolated images and panels. The drawings are grouped in several places of the rock. Most of them are in its southeastern sector including its inclined part. There, the drawings form a palimpsest that allows us to determine a relative age for the figures. Particularly, large animals are overlaid by images of wild goat hunting scenes. Figures of goats walking one after another in the central part of the slab are one of the most exquisite and stand out for their excellent execution. In the northeastern part of the slab, an isolated archer wears a peaked head-dress; the arrowhead shape is conspicuous. A panel located in the north-western part of the rock is the most interesting, with several chariots (one with a driver) and oxen carved in a unique stylistic manner unusual for Pamir. Most Akdzhilga drawings are carved in outline, with the entire surface of the figure filled with dots or dense lines. Rock Art in Tajikistan 81 Dating The earliest group of Akdzhilga petroglyphs, with chariots and oxen, can confidently be dated to the Bronze Age. An archer in a peaked hat and a series of wild goats may be dated to the Early Iron Age. There are also sketchy images of animals from later periods and modern inscriptions. Shakhty Grotto is located in the Gorno-Badakhshanskiy Autonomous Region, in the Murgab district 40km south-west of the district capital –Murgab settlement on the left slope of the Shakty Gorge adjacent to the Kurtke-Say River valley. Geographic coordinates of the location: NL 37 55.225, EL 73 55.755; absolute altitude: about 4,200m. Shakhty Grotto is located 60m above the valley bottom, but it is easily accessible from the surface of an alluvial cone along a nice path. In the autumn of 1985, an Archeological Group of the Pamir Expedition of AS of USSR led by Ranov V.-A. discovered petroglyphs in the Shakhty Grotto, in Eastern Pamir. Ranov provided a detailed description and attributed them to the Mesolithic in a special article published in 1961. In 1967, Ranov described and studied them in his popular book “Arkheology na Krishe mira” (“Archeologists on the Roof of the World”) (Ranov 1967). A zoologist, Tanasiychuk V., published a popular article on the subject with very good photographs in the same year (Tanasiychuk 1967). The Main Substrate of Rock Art The grotto formed as a result of karstic erosion of a tectonic crevice. The grotto faces east and is dry and sunlit. The entrance is 7.5m wide and 6m deep; the roof height is 25-30m. The images are carved as a frieze on the southern wall of the grotto 1.6-2.0m from the floor; paint stains and fragments of other obliterated figures still remain. Technique All images were painted with a mineral paint in two shades: most were painted in light-brown ocher, while others with a maroon shade of ocher. Description of the Site Seven images are in a good state of preservation: an outlined ornitho-anthropomorphic figure (23cm), two contoured figures of wild boars (?), yak or bear (85cm), an arrow against the body and head of an animal, another contour of an unidentified animal superimposed on another drawing and painted in maroon. The frieze with drawings is 4m long and 1.5m high. The images are painted with a mineral pigment. Ancient painters apparently obtained raw material for the paint right there in wall cracks, where deposits of powdered iron oxides occur. The paint has two shades: light and darker maroon. The lighter shade was used more often, and dark maroon -a strong concentration of pigment- was used mainly to draw details. One maroon drawing overlaps light-brown images. Lines are relatively thin (1.5-2cm), irregular, often additionally corrected. Presumably, the figure was finger-painted. An image nearer to the entrance is anthropomorphic and masked as a bird (?). Next, figures of a wild boar and bear or two boars are drawn opposite each other. Only half of the drawings on the left remain. Then, there is a contour of a large animal shown ready to pounce. Then follows the largest figure, depicting an animal with massive legs, with a small hump that evokes an animal from the Bovidae family (yak?), but with an elongated snout, small ears and an absence of horns that would rather suggest a bear. The legs are drawn realistically. Arrows are of special interest: the largest is shown below the nape of the animal, another one in the lower part of its snout, and the third one under the animal’s head. The arrows point at the animal from opposite directions to suggest a collective hunt. Rock Art in Central Asia 82 Dating A Paleolithic Research Group of the Pamir Archeological Expedition of AS of the USSR (led by Ranov V.-A.) discovered and was first to survey the site in 1958, in the course of surveying caves and overhangs in south-eastern Pamir. Photos of the grotto and its rock paintings were taken in addition to carrying out excavations in an exploratory trench inside. Stone flakes and several knife- like flints and one fragment of a core were found (Ranov 1961). From those finds and comparisons between motifs and styles, Ranov dated the drawings to the 8 th – 5 th millennia BC or to the Mesolithic – Early Neolithic (Ranov 2001: 128-129). Their most likely age would thus mark the first appearance of people in Eastern Pamir after the Glaciation. Protection and Current Condition of the Site The site is on the National List and receives protection from the local authorities of the Murgab District of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in Tajikistan. In 2005, on the instructions of the Murgab Association of Ecotourism, R. Sala surveyed the site and noted the satisfactory preservation of the drawings. The traces of the 1958 archeological excavations can be seen inside the grotto and outside the entrance: remainders of the unfilled trench and earth excavation heaps. The grotto is rarely visited by locals or tourists. Kurteke Rock is located in the Murgab District of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, 38km south-west of the district capital city, Murgab. The site is 2km from the Shakhty Grotto on the opposite slope of the Kurteke-Say Gorge at the exit point of the last gorge in the Karauldyn-Dala, at about 4,020m above sea level. The site was discovered and surveyed by Ranov V.-A. in 1964. The first article about Kurteke Rock petroglyphs was published the same year. An abstract of the report “Stone Age Drawings in Pamir” presented at a scientific workshop in Bishkek “Petroglyphs in Central Asia” was published in 2001 (Ranov 2001:128-129). Description of the Site The overhang is adjacent to an isolated Jurassic rock. Traces of painting are on two walls. Apparently, only a small portion of the paintings, made of a grayish-brownish-maroon mineral pigment, was preserved on the northern and eastern walls of the shelter. Their surface is severely damaged and polluted and they can barely be seen. They are approximately 1.5m from the floor. They include poorly preserved figures of two people with legs astride and arms raised. Archeological Context Excavations helped identify two cultural horizons. The first dates to the Late Bronze Age, the second to the Late Neolithic – Eneolithic. The upper horizon includes ceramics typical of the Bronze Age of the Central Asian steppes, with stone tools and bronze arrowheads. The lower horizon only includes microliths and half-burnt coal. Nayzatash The site is in the Murgab District of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region, 45km south-west from the district capital city Murgab. A grotto with drawings is not far from the Nayazatash pass, at an altitude of 4,137m. Research Status The site is known only from photos made by Seleznyov V.-F. handed over to Ranov V.-A. (Ranov 1995). Rock Art in Tajikistan 83 Description of the Site The grotto is in a large limestone Jurassic rock. The drawings, painted on a rough surface with red mineral pigment, occupy a 2 х 1.5m area. Their sizes do not exceed 12-15cm. Only six figures were preserved with some unidentified lines and spots. Two contour images of mountain goats (Capra sibirica Mayer) can be seen, and, possibly, a human, a sign in the shape of a closed figure (or incomplete image) and three short lines. Dating The Nayzatash paintings have no direct similarities among Pamirian petroglyphs; they are even difficult to compare with those at Ak-Chunkur in Kyrgyzstan, Akbaur in Kazakhstan, Zaraut-Kamar in Uzbekistan or even at the Kurteke overhang located in the vicinity. Dating them to the Neolithic is provisional (Ranov 2001: 129-130). Hissar Alai The Hissar Alai range system associated with Southern Tien Shan is the most important in Tajikistan. It is bounded by valleys: the Fergana Valley in the north, the Hissar Valley, Sukhrob River Valley and Alai River Valleys in the south. The Hissar Alai Range system stretches from east to west for about 900km. The height of most peaks exceeds 5,000m. The main Hissar Alai mountain ranges include the Turkestan, Zeravshan, Hissar, and Alai Ranges that stretch in latitudinal and sublatitudinal directions. The eastern part of the Hissar Alai is in Kyrgyzstan, its western part in Uzbekistan, while its middle is located within Tajikistan. The Karategin Range branches off the Hissar Alai Range. The system of the Hissar Alai Ranges towering over valleys is a nearly impassable barrier that divides the territory of the republic into two parts –northern and southern. The Alai Range stretches for almost 200km and forms the eastern part of the Hissar Alai Range; it is mainly in Kyrgyzstan, while only its small western part is in Tajikistan. Near the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River, near the Matcha pass, the Alai Range divides into two mountain chains - the Turkestan and Zeravshan Ranges. The Turkestan Rangestretches for 200km between the Fergana and Zeravshan valleys. Its highest point is in the eastern part (Piramidalniy Peak, 5,620m), then the range gradually recedes westward and ends in the Nuratau Mountains in Uzbekistan. The Zeravshan Range stretches almost in parallel with the Turkestan Range. The Zeravshan River cut its way between the two. It now flows in a deep gorge, with sections of basin-like expanses and terraces. Landslides in the Zeravshan Mountains often cause temporary lakes. The Zeravshan valley begins to widen and floodplains and large terraces fit for agriculture appear downstream at the mouth of the Kshtut River. The Zeravshan Glacier, considered as the largest in Tajikistan, is located in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River. The ridge of the Zeravshan Range is rocky. Absolute heights there exceed 5,000m. In contrast to the Turkestan Range, which is a continuous mountain ridge, the Zeravshan Range is cut through in 3 places all the way down with the valleys of the left tributaries of the Zeravshan –Fandarya, Kshtut, and Magiyan. A section of the range between Fandarya and Kshtut called Fan Mountains is distinguished by the complexity of its structure and its immense height (Chimtarga 5495 m). The eastern section of the Zeravshan Range is named Matcha Range, and the western Chakyl-Kalan. The Hissar Range branches off from the Zeravshan Range in the upper reaches of the Yagnob in the complex of mountains Barzangi and forms an interstream area between the Amudarya and Zeravshan River valleys. The highest point in the eastern and middle parts is 4,688m above sea level, while the range gradually recedes south-west crossing to Uzbekistan and turns into low ranges. The total length of the Hissar Rangewithin Tajikistan is about 250km. The slopes of the Rock Art in Central Asia 84 Hissar Range have many glaciers. Many convenient passes cross the Hissar Range, the Anzob pass (3,372 m) being the most important. Prevailing Types of Landscape Concentrations of petroglyphs in the Hissar Alai are associated with various landscapes. The localization of key sites depends upon the gorges in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River, where they are concentrated along the riverbanks. The greatest number of rock art sites is known in the Fan Mountains, on cliffs of the Magian-Darya River, in the Iskandar River basin, on the left bank of the Kshtut-Darya and Shing-Darya Rivers. Concentrations of petroglyphs are known at the openings of the gorges of Say Gurbic, Say Vagishton, Say Mosrif, and Soyi Sabag. Insignificant sites were registered in the vicinity of the settlements of Padask, Khudgif, and Esizi Poen. Petroglyph sites are found in the Zeravshan River Valley, including petroglyphs west of the village of Shamtich. About 200 images were engraved on large and small dark-brown boulders in the proximity of old and new cemeteries located on a smooth 300 х 100m terrace at the foot of the Turkestan Range on the right of the Zeravshan. A famous inscription by Babur is incised in nastalik handwriting on the surface of one boulder and consists of two rhyming lines in the Tajik language. About 300 petroglyphs were registered 300m downstream as well as on the terrace to the left of the river in a locality known among locals as Dashti Mullo Tokhiriyon. Predominantly, images of goats are carved in a linear style; there are hunting scenes, archers and an elephant. In general, Shamich and Dashti Mullo Tokhiriyon petroglyphs are similar. Quantity and Distribution of Sites The Hissar Alai group includes 50 known sites with petroglyphs carved on rocks and individual large boulders both in the valleys of the Zeravshan River tributaries and in sidelong gorges. The most interesting petroglyphs were registered at Gurbic Sai along the Kshtut River as well as in the valley of the Shing River near the villages of Vagishton and Mosrif Gully. Dating The Zeravshan Valley petroglyphs predominantly comprise monotonous reiterations of mountain goats engraved in a “linear” or “skeletal” style. Most petroglyph sites in the Hissar Alai have images of different periods, Bronze Age images being the most ancient. Large series of Bronze Age petroglyphs dated to the 3 rd – 2 nd millennia BC are found in Vagishtan Sai and Soyi Sabag. Drawings in concentrations at Shamich and Dashti Mullo Tokhiriyon are dated to the Early Middle Ages and the Medieval Period. Archeological Context Archeological research in the upper reaches of the Zeravshan River helped discover several Bronze Age sites and many sites dated to Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Early periods are represented by an ancient farming settlement, Sarazm (Eneolithic – Bronze Age) and burial sites of the Bronze Age: Dashti Kozy, Zardcha Khalifa, and Zoosun. Settlements and fortresses are the most numerous and date to the Early Middle Ages and the Medieval Period. The upper reaches of the Zeravshan River contain rich deposits of complex ores, including ornamental, high-quality silicon and clay that have been used since ancient times for implements, weaponry, and household objects. Deposits of fluoride and tin (Kaznok), amethyst (Manor Gully), sodalite (Sabag Gorge), almandite (valleys of rivers Samjon and Turo, Iskandardarya River basin), marble (Mosrif, Kosatarosh, Voru, Mazori Sharif, Tillagul Gullies), copper, silver, and gold (Taror), Rock Art in Tajikistan 85 lead, copper, and zinc (Kangut mine) and others are found in the foothills of the Zeravshan and Turkestan Ranges (Razzakov 2008), most of them in the vicinity of well-known petroglyph sites. Most images of objects, ornamental motifs, animals, etc. in the repertoire of the most ancient Zeravshan petroglyphs are similar to those on artifacts found in the ancient farming settlement of Sarazm, dated to the Eneolithic and Bronze Age (Isakov 2005). The Modern Ethno-Cultural Context No traditions of specific worship or reverence toward rock art sites were identified. The Most Important Rock Art Sites in the Hissar Alai Sai Mosrif A large concentration of petroglyphs was discovered at Mosrif Sai, the right tributary of the Shing River, Shing village council. The concentration of petroglyphs includes ten sites on the right bank of the Mosrif Sai. Level of Study Dalskiy A.-N. discovered and examined the concentration of petroglyphs in 1947 (Dalsky 1949, 1950). Description of the Site The total quantity of images has not been estimated. Four mountain goats with large horns bent backwards, two humans and a dog are engraved on the smooth surface of a rock 4km from the junction of the sai with the Shing River. Isolated images are found on rocks farther on. At a distance of 5.5km from the mouth of the sai at the exit from a narrow gorge, there are odd tape-shaped lines and outlines of two wild goats on a rock on the right bank. There are also a sign and coarse carved images of goats and camels. The largest concentrations of petroglyphs was registered 1.5km higher than the village of Gizhdarva at an altitude of 2,200m. A layer of dark-gray dolomitic limestone hides a cave 3m above ground, with a large group of engravings in a sort of 12mx1.4m frieze with more than 100 images of various sizes that sometimes join in small panels but are more often isolated. Wild goats prevail, camels and humans are less frequent. That special group includes signs and images of an open human palm. The state of conservation of the drawings differs and many of them are barely visible. Their patina varies and some drawings can only be seen close-up. Some large images of Markhoor goats are 20-37cm long and 42-52cm high. The largest palm images are 48 х 69cm and more than 1.5m. Most images are carved in a linear or skeletal style. Animal bodies are depicted with one single line or not outlined at all in other cases. Mountain goats, in a majority, have disproportionately long legs and horns, and a hooked tail. Humans are also carved in a linear style, with their hands open (in one case fingers are shown), some of them resembling cross-like figures. In addition to isolated animal figures and human images, there are also panels. Some animals are depicted with fetlocks, there are scenes of animals fighting, of a male and a female, and groups of mountain goats. Excellent images of large and small mountain goats are carved side by side. There also are seven and eight point stars, an image of an open palm, and a house plan on two limestone boulders opposite and 20m away from the frieze. Download 5.01 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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