Rock Art in Central Asia
Download 5.01 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Dashti Eymatk A large concentration of petroglyphs is 10km west of the village of Urmetan, on the right bank of the Zerafshan River. Level of Study
- Description of the Site
- Dating According to Mandelshtam A.-M., the Dashti Eymatk petroglyphs carved in a realistic manner would be dated to the middle-end of the 1 st millennium BC.
- Technique All drawings are pecked. Research Status
- Main Substrate of Rock Art Petroglyphs are pecked on smooth rock surfaces and are covered with a brownish-black patina. Description of the Site
- Quantity and Distribution of Petroglyphs
- Western Fergana (Kurama and Mogoltau Mounts)
- Predominant types of landscapes
- Quantity and Distribution of Sites
- The Most Important Rock Art Sites in Western Fergana Kuruksay Description of the Site
- Research Status The petroglyphs were discovered and studied in 1960 by Ranov. Mount Mogoltau Description of the Site
- Technique The most ancient drawings are pecked silhouettes; later ones are drawn without being filled with lines and dots. Research Status
Rock Art in Central Asia 86 Technique According to the published photos, the images have been pecked with a stone and less frequently with a metallic implement. Dating Most of the drawings are dated to Modernity (20 th Century); isolated images may be older, but their age has not been determined exactly. Dashti Eymatk A large concentration of petroglyphs is 10km west of the village of Urmetan, on the right bank of the Zerafshan River. Level of Study Archeologist Mandelshtam A.-M. discovered the site in 1953 during the expedition of the Verkhnezeravshan Party of the Sogdian-Tajik Archeological Expedition (Mandelshtam 1954). He provided descriptions of humans, barely mentions animals and only pointed out that their “three- dimensional” images are noted for their dynamics, in his article published in 1956. An article devoted to a zoological interpretation of the Dashti Eymatk petroglyphs was published in 1982 (Sapozhnikov & Panfilov 1982: 71-76). Description of the Site The petroglyphs are drawn on rock fragments covered with a thick layer of desert patina. There is a total of 124 petroglyphs, 85 of which are in 12 panels. They include mountain goats and sheep, deer, horses, dogs, snakes, leopards, wild boars, otter, humans, lines and weapons. Scenes occur: a dog chasing a mountain goat in the direction of a hunter armed with a bow; an archer and two goats; a deer and a snake; a man holding his horse by the reins; a herd of nine goats and a deer chased by three wolves and a leopard; a battle between a goat and a wolf, etc. Humans are diverse. Some are armed with bows, and some are sexually differentiated. A rock with a mountain goat in a linear style was discovered at Dashti Eymatk near a kurgan burial site in the vicinity of the village of Mindana Kamen in 1952. Techique Animals images are in a linear and naturalistic manner. Three drawings are carved in a contour style, some with partial infilling of the body. The technique used was pecking with a metal tool to a depth of 2-3mm. All images are covered with a dense layer of patina the same color as the rock surface. Dating According to Mandelshtam A.-M., the Dashti Eymatk petroglyphs carved in a realistic manner would be dated to the middle-end of the 1 st millennium BC. Vagashton The petroglyphs are north-east of the village of Vagishton in the Pyandzhikent district, in village council Shing, on the left bank of the Vagishton Sai. Description of the Site The petroglyphs are carved on the vertical surface of a limestone rock, 1.4 х 1.65 х 1.45m. The surface of the rock and the drawings are covered with a thick layer of desert patina. Wind erosion and the intense desert patina make the petroglyphs almost invisible. More than 50 images were identified. Most of them are humans carved in a linear manner. According to the poorly preserved images, one can assume there had been many more. Humans are accompanied by goats, a Rock Art in Tajikistan 87 horizontal line more than 1m long, and cross lines. Humans are shown with hands spread apart, with male genitals clearly apparent, and two dots on their chests. In the center of the panel, there is a coital scene with a solar sign above it. There are several more or less clear scenes: two humans and an animal, possibly an Asiatic wild ass; next to them three humans are holding hands and performing a type of dance. On the right side of the rock, a complex composition is interpreted as a hunting track, an enclosure for wild prey and a group of hunters. A scene below it shows a man carrying a small animal resembling a goat cub in his stretched out hands; there is one more human figure, apparently, with a dog and another human. Technique All drawings are pecked. Research Status The site was discovered and researched by Dalskiy A.-N. in 1947 (Dalskiy 1949: 190-192, 1950: 234-236). Dating From the complexity of composition, and the manner of depicting people and to some extent animals, the petroglyphs are distinct from other rock images in Zeravshan. Dalskiy dated the Vagishton Sai petroglyphs to the Neolithic (6 th – 4 th millennia BC), but apparently they would date to a later period, the Bronze Age. Soy Sabag The concentration of petroglyphs is located in the Gornaya Mathca District in the Sogd Province of the Republic of Tajikistan. The Soy Sabag Gorge is on the southern slope of the Turkestan Range. A mountain river, the Soy Sabag, a right tributary of the Zeravshan River, follows the bottom of the gorge. A concentration of petroglyphs is located at the mouth of the gorge near foothills to the west of the village of Sabag, on the eastern slope of a desolate gorge. Soy Sabag is at an altitude of 2,327m, between 39 28 07.6 of northern latitude and 69 47 57.9 of eastern longitude (Bobomulloev 2010). The rock art is located along the road connecting Sabag and a high-altitude upper village of the Marcha District. Some engraved surfaces are even visible from the road. Level of Study Biologists Vorontsov N.-N. and Lyapunova E.-A. (1976: 101–109) discovered the petroglyphs when they visited the gorge on July 13, 1973. They examined and photographed them on 18 rocks and traced some images on paper. They studied the pecked images at Soyi Sabag only from a faunistic perspective assuming that this concentration of petroglyphs had been well-known to archeologists. Nevertheless, they attempted to date them on the basis of stylistic differences and the intensiveness of their patina, identifying three stylistic periods: the most ancient in a realistic style, the medium one with linear sketchy drawings, and later images made in “loophole”, “geometric”, and “rectangular” styles. In 2009, Say Sabag was surveyed by an expedition from the Akhmad Donish Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography under the AS of the RT led by Bobomulloev B.-S., within a regional project for the preparation of the serial trans-boundary nomination “Rock Art in Central Asia” to the World Heritage List of UNESCO. Field work resulted in basic documentation of the site: a map of Rock Art in Central Asia 88 the location of surfaces with petroglyphs, indexed photo panoramas, photos of 122 surfaces and their fragments, copies of individual surfaces with petroglyphs. Main Substrate of Rock Art Petroglyphs are pecked on smooth rock surfaces and are covered with a brownish-black patina. Description of the Site The Soy Sabagh petroglyphs are very compact. The total area of distribution of images is more than 0.5 ha. Three groups (clusters) of petroglyphs differing in location were identified. The surfaces were numbered from the bottom up and from left to right. Quantity and Distribution of Petroglyphs In total, about 1,000 petroglyphs on 122 surfaces grouped into three classes were registered. - Group 1. Eight surfaces were identified with 19 isolated images - mostly of mountain goats, carved in a "linear" style. All the ancient petroglyphs in this group were retouched at a later time. - Group 2. A total of 45 surfaces with petroglyphs were registered; the total number of images is about 150 and includes 16 groups. As in the first group of petroglyphs these are mostly mountain goats; humans, archers, horse riders with bows and arrows, hunting scenes, horses; Bronze Age carts were found three times; two inscriptions are in Arabic script. Few images have been retouched. - Group 3. Petroglyphs of the third group, in turn, are divided into two subgroups, 3a and 3b. More than 540 petroglyphs were found on 68 surfaces. In group 3a, most petroglyphs are in scenes. There are many images of bulls (urus), wheels, mirrors with a side handle and wave-like characters absent from Groups 1 and 2. Group 3b has goats, bulls, archers, horse riders, mirrors, wave-like symbols, spiral marks and signs in a circle. The drawings often overlap one another. Most drawings represent scenes. Technique Images were made by pecking with a sharp metal tool. Techniques are diverse, with linear, contour, silhouette, contour-linear, and linear silhouette images. Dating The oldest period of images at Soi Sabagh includes chariots, bulls (Bos primigenius), spectacle- shaped signs, different graphics and wavy figures of the Bronze Age, 3 rd – 2 nd millennia BC. During the excavation of the settlement of Sarazm, the bone remains of a wild bull and a cylindrical seal with the depiction of a bull were unearthed. Analysis showed that sodalite found during the Sarazm excavations comes from deposits of semi-precious gemstones in the upper reaches of Sabagh Gorge 8 (Razzakov 1997, 2008). Quite a few images carved in the Saki “animalistic style” are dated to the Early Stone Age. Images related to the Middle Ages are isolated. In groups 1 and 2, drawings were renovated in medieval and modern times. Western Fergana (Kurama and Mogoltau Mounts) The far northern part of the republic is occupied by the Kuramin Ranges and the Mogoltau Mountain Massif that are part of the Western Tien Shan. The Kuramin Range is almost 170km long. The highest peak is Boboiob (3,768 m) in the north-eastern part of the range which recedes southwest towards the Dalverzin Plain. The southwestern part of the range is called Kara- Rock Art in Tajikistan 89 Mazar. The Kuramin Range is distinguished for the rounded outline of its ridge line. Passes are low. An inclined plain unfolds at the foot of the range. A small isolated range –the Mogoltau Mountains– is south-west of the Kuramin Range at an altitude of 1,623m and stretches along the Syrdarya River for 40km. The Mogoltau Range is the south-westernmost spur of Tien Shan, isolated from the Kuramin Range by the Mirzorabat Depression (Panfilov 1984). The Fergana Basin that resembles an ellipse 350km long and up to 150km wide and the Fergana Depression are located between the Chatkal and Kuramin Ranges and the Mogoltau Mountains in the north-west, and the Turkestan and Alai Ranges in the south. Closed by the Fergana Range in the north-east, the valley has a narrow passage only in the west known as the “Khodjent Gates” through which the Syr-Darya River flows out to the Golodnaya Steppe. Tajikistan occupies the western part of the Fergana Valley, relatively wide in the east and gradually narrowing westwards. There it is mostly plain with most of the terrain consisting of the ancient terraces of the Syr-Darya River. The height of the Tajik part of the Fergana Basin ranges from 320m on the islands and floodplains of the Syr-Darya River up to 800-1,000m in the foothills surrounding the valley. The Syr-Darya River divides the Fergana Valley into a right bank and a left bank. The right bank within Tajikistan stretches from the riverbank to the foot of the Kuramin Range and the Mogoltau Mountains with a height of 320-500m and lies between the left bank of the Syr-Darya and the foot of the Turkestan Range, gradually rising southward to an elevation of 1000m. Predominant types of landscapes The Mogoltau Range is cut across from south to north by deep gorges that dry up in the summer. An important factor for carving petroglyphs in the mountains of Kurama and Mogoltau was the presence of springs. Quantity and Distribution of Sites Rock art sites are well-known in the southern part of the Fergana Valley, where locations of petroglyphs are most numerous. In the 1970’s–1980’s, Panfilov O.-V. identified and recorded petroglyphs in Northern Tajikistan. He discovered and researched relatively small concentrations of petroglyphs such as at “Bolshoy Kozyol” (or Large Goat) (18 images), Oktash (125), Dakhana I (95), Chashmasor (50), Kuruksai, Pangoz and Beshkotan. According to Panfilov, by 1982 a total of 602 petroglyphs had been registered in the Mogoltau Mountains, their largest accumulations being in the gorges of Muzbet (127 images), Okkana (118), Bitiklik (102), and Shumliksai (72) (Panfilov 1984). Dating Chronologically, the petroglyphs of the Tajik part of the Fergana Valley cover a broad period, perhaps from the Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age to the present. The images are carved using the “animalistic style” indicative of early nomads, but they are few. Information about the Saka tribes, that lived in the area, exists in ancient sources and is confirmed by archaeological evidence. Panfilov (1984) believed that Mogoltau was their peripheral area of residence or one of the areas for seasonal cattle work and hunting. Most images on rocks and stones appeared with the arrival and settling of the Kyrgyz and Uzbek tribes who lived there in the late 17 th - 18 th centuries (Panfilov 1983). Later petroglyphs, more numerous than ancient ones, are characterized by a simplified technique, a linear manner of portraying animals, mainly livestock. They differ by their light patina and their rough pecking by a stone. Rock Art in Central Asia 90 Archaeological context In addition to petroglyphs, there are habitation sites, tombs and fortresses of different periods. In the Mogoltau mountains, ancient metallurgical mines were found. On the crest of the Kuramin Range are burial sites such as kurum and mughona. According to Ranov V.-A. (1960: 121-142), the Kuruksaya engravings were left by mysterious tribes that erected their burial constructions in the Chatkal and Kuramin Ranges. Litvinsky B.-A. (1956, 1959) dates them from the 3 rd - 2 nd centuries BC to the 6 th - 8 th centuries AD. Recent Kuruksaya images have analogies with the Sheydana petroglyphs, a site also located in the Kuramin Range. The Most Important Rock Art Sites in Western Fergana Kuruksay Description of the Site Kuruksay is in the western part of the Kuramin Mountains, near the border of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The exact number of drawings is unknown. Images were engraved on separate large fragments of limestone rocks or vertical surfaces in the forked chain of spurs representing the end of the Kuramin Range. Petroglyphs are on the southern slopes of these spurs, on surfaces covered with a dense desert patina. Several degrees of patination for the drawings indicate different periods for the images. They are scattered among burial constructions (mug-khona) in small groups of 2-3 images and also higher up the valley. Technique Techniques differ. Pecking is common; in some cases drawings were abraded, sometimes the contour of images was incised with a sharp metal tool. Dating The earliest images include goats, sometimes several on one stone, with a figure of a goat with big horns standing out. The second group comprises an image of a goat suddenly stopping. There are images of fox or wolf, goitered gazelle, and leopard. There is also a scene of an archer hunting goats with a dog. These figures belong to the Early Iron Age. On a separate stone, there is a scene of two knights fighting with spears dated to the Early Middle Ages (7 th century AD). Research Status The petroglyphs were discovered and studied in 1960 by Ranov. Mount Mogoltau Description of the Site The petroglyphs are north-east of Hodjikent near the pass of Badalek where an old route to Tashkent used to pass. The images are pecked on sharply pointed rocks and include an open palm, a cross-like figure, goats, horses, people, various items, a hunting scene with an archer wearing a belted short fur coat with a roe deer and lamb. A scene of the hunting of goats by a rider with a small bow is the most interesting. The rider is shown wearing wide boots and a head-dress resembling a scull-cap and holding a Sogdian bow in his hands. The most interesting image is that of a rider with a big bow and arrows; the stirrup is shown under the animal’s abdomen. The upper part also has images of a man with wide boots and his hair tied in a large bunch. The drawings are different in time; the earliest (a man with a bow, a Rock Art in Tajikistan 91 woman, a dog, and a snake) date to the Bronze Age. The latest images are depictions of a rider with a small bow. Technique The most ancient drawings are pecked silhouettes; later ones are drawn without being filled with lines and dots. Research Status The site was discovered by Madzhi A.-E. (Madzhi 1957: 79-86). Bibliography AGAHANYANTS O.-E. 1965. Basic Problems of Physical Geography of the Pamirs. Part I. Dushanbe. BOBOMULLOEV B.-S. 2010. Message of the Ancestors. Asia Plus No. 7 (526), 17 February 2010. Secrets of the Valley Soi Sabag. Digest-Press No. 6 (790), 11 February 2010. BOBRINSKII A.-A. 1908. Mountain Dwellers in the Upper Reaches of Pyandzh (Vahans and Ishkashims). Essays on Everyday Life Based on Mr. A.-A. Bobrinsky’s Itinerary Notes. M. BUBNOVA M.-A. 2008. Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region. Western Pamirs (sites of the Stone Age – 20 th century). Archaeological Map of Tajikistan. Dushanbe. DALSKY N. 1949. Rock Art of Tajikistan. IVGO, t. 81 Issue 2. DALSKY N. 1950. Rock Art in the river basin Zarafshan. MIA , № 15: 232 -240. ISOKOV A. 2005. Sarazm - ogozi tamadduni Halki Tochik. Panchakenti Sughd. Khujand S.181. KADYRBAEV M.-K. & MARYASHEV A.-N. 2007. Petroglyphs of the Karatau Range. Alma-Ata. KORZHENEVSKIY N.-A. 1922. Landscapes of Ways from Fergana to the Pamir. Tashkent. LITVINSKY B.-A. 1956. On the Study of Nomadic Burials in the Kara-Mazar Mountains in 1955. A Collection of Archeological Works in Tajikistan. 1955 Tr. AN of the Tajik SSR, v. LXIII: 39. LITVINSKY B.-A. 1959. A Study of Kurums in the North-Eastern Part of the Leninabad Region in 1957. Works of SSR Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, CSH, pp. 118-120. LITVINSKY B.-A. 1972. Ancient Nomads of the “Roof of the World”. M. LITVINSKY B.-A. 1972. Kurgans and Kurums in Western Fergana. Science. pp. 194-195. MADZHI A.-E. 1957. Petroglyphs in the Mogoltau Mountains. Proceedings of the Social Sciences Department of Tajik SSR, Vol. 14: 79-86. MANDELSHTAM A.-M. 1956. Some Remarks on the Rock Art of the Upper Basin of the Zarafshan River. TIIAE EA of the Tajik SSR, issue 42: 195-201. A Collection of Articles Dedicated to the Art of the Tajik People, Dushanbe, 1956, pp. 195-196. OLUFSEN О. 1904. Through the Unknown Pamirs. The Second Danish Pamir Expedition 1898/99. London, pp. 193-196. PANFILOV O.-V. 1984. Saki Motifs in the Mogoltau Petroglyphs. In: Scythian-Siberian World (Art and Ideology). Kemerovo, pp. 54-55. PANFILOV O-V. 1984. Pages of Mogoltau History. In: Soviet Kyrgyzstan: Pages of History and Modernity. Frunze: Ilim, pp. 218-219. PANFILOV O.-V. 1990. Studies of Petroglyphs in Mogoltau in 1982. In: Archaeological Efforts in Tajikistan. Vol. XXII (1982). Dushanbe, pp. 91-102. RANOV V.-A. 1960. New Rock Carvings in the Kuramin Range. A Collection of Articles Dedicated to the Art of the Tajik people. Dushanbe, pp. 121-142. RANOV V.-A. 1960. Rock Paintings near Langar Village (Western Pamir). Proceedings of Social Sciences Department of the Tajik SSR, Issue 1, 22: 19-40. RANOV V.-A. 1961. Images of the Stone Age in Shakhty Grotto. Soviet Ethnography. Number six. pp. 70-81. RANOV V.-A. 1967. Archeologists on the Roof of the World. Dushanbe. Rock Art in Central Asia 92 RANOV V.-A. 1976. The Study of Rock Art in Western Pamir in 1972. Archeological Efforts in Tajikistan, vol. 12 (1972), Dushanbe, pp. 5-21. RANOV V.-A. 1995. Peintures rupestres du Pamir Oriental. International Newsletter on Rock Art, № 11: 2 -3. RANOV V.-A. 2001. Petroglyphs of Tadjikistan. In: TASHBAEVA К. et al., Petroglyphs of Central Asia. Bishkek, pp. 122-150. RANOV V.-A. & GURSKY A.-V. 1966. Overview of Rock Art in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region in the Tajik SSR. Soviet Ethnography, No. 2: 110-119. RANOV V.-A. & ZHUKOV V.-A. 1972. Petroglyphs along the North Akdzhilga River (East Pamir). Archeological Discoveries in 1971. M., pp. 540-541. RATZEK V.-I. 1947. Ethnographic and Archeological Observations in the High Mountains Areas of Tien Shan and Pamir. IVGO, Issue 4: 416-468. RAZOKOV A. 2008. Sarazm. Dushanbe. RAZOKOV A. 1997. Sangnigorahoi sargahi Zarafshon. Petroglyphs in the Upper Reaches of Zeravshan. Dayri Mugon. No. 2-8: 24-25. SAPOZHNIKOV G.-N. & PANFILOV O.-V. 1982. Zoological Interpretation of Petroglyphs Dashti Eymatk (Upper Zeravshan). IAS of the Tajik SSR. Dep. Biol. Science, No. 4 (89), pp. 71-76. SHCHUKINA J.-S. & GILYAROVA M.-A. 1936. Tajikistan. Proceedings of the Tajik-Pamir Expedition 1933. L. SIDOROV L. -F. 1979. Nature of the Pamirs in the Quaternary Period. L. TANASIYCHUK B. 1967. Riddle of the Pamirs. Science and Life, pp. 111-125. TROTTER H. 1879. Captain Trotter’s report, Ch. VII. Explorations to the Pamir steppes and Wachan. VORONTSOV N.-N. & LYAPUNOVA E.-A. 1976. Rock Art in Upper Reaches Zarafshan. – Nature, No. 5: 101-109. See illustrations page 173 |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling