Rock Art in Central Asia
Download 5.01 Kb. Pdf ko'rish
|
- Bu sahifa navigatsiya:
- Current Condition and Protection
- Technique
- Preliminary Comparative Analysis of the Fergana Sites
- CARAD
- KSIP
- SD of NAS of the RK
- Rock Art in Tajikistan * Bobomullo S. Bobomulloev †
Technique. Pecking for all was medium and fine with a depth of 0.5-6mm to 2mm, the line width ranges from 6-7mm to 4.5cm. Repertoire. So-called “sun-headed” personages with hemispheric or spherical headed figures with schematic representation of trunks are of great interest. Almost all types of drawings are outlined and a combined method of drawing was often utilized. No palimpsests or refreshments. The contours of most drawings are poorly visible, since the cliff surface is heavily eroded from the wind and patina either never existed or was lost. Drawing heights range from 5.5cm to 56cm. The repertoire of the Sahaba petroglyphs includes only a few types: anthropomorphic “sun-headed” and mushroom-shaped personages, solar and some other vague signs. A drawing of a human in a composition with a mushroom-shaped anthropomorphic figure stands out. Only two animal drawings are distinct – a mountain goat and the bull whose body is represented in a bitriangonal contour. The drawings of the “sun-headed” and signs persistently combine with several elements. They can be divided into two groups: outlined or contoured circles on the trunks-legs with or without hands. Contour shapes often have central dots and diverging line-rays. The hemispherical or circular shape of human images consists of two or four circles, separated by radial lines into equal segments with a dot in the center. Some figures are probably incomplete images of the “sun- headed” or mushroom-shaped characters. The unique repertoire of Sahaba drawings distinguished the site among other petroglyph sites in Central Asia. Striking analogues of the Sahaba anthropomorphic figures are mushroom-shaped and some “sun-headed” images in the oldest group of Saymaly-Tash petroglyphs. Together with Tamgaly in Kazakhstan, Sahaba is one of the main locations for “sun-headed” figures in Central Asia. Dating. Sahaba rock drawings are provisionally dated to the Bronze Age according to stylistic and iconographic analogies with the most ancient petroglyphs in Saymaly-Tash and Tamgaly. Rock Art in Central Asia 66 Current Condition and Protection. The figures above the Sahaba anthropomorphs are associated with horse hooves and interpreted by locals as the hoof prints of Prophet Ali’s horse – Duldul– thus making them objects of worship. In former years, a small pond formed at the foothill in spring and summer; at present, a wide ditch along the cliff prevents intrusive visitors from getting close to it. Not far from the petroglyphs, there is a Sahaba mazar (Arabic for “supporter”, in this case, of the Prophet Muhammad). Popular tradition associates the formation of the shrine with the spread and establishment of Islam in this part of the Fergana Valley, which seems to reflect real events that took place here earlier in the Middle Ages. The sacredness of this place goes back thousands of years as evidenced by the petroglyphs. However and most unfortunately, the cultic importance of the rock does not guarantee protection from acts of vandalism: many contemporary inscriptions were found on its surface. The rock is not on the national list of sites. Boundaries of the site and zones of protection have not been established. Aravan Gorge The site is 12.5km north-east of Nookat City on the right bank of the Aravansay River, at the mouth of the valley. Geographic coordinates: NL 40 13 37.3, EL 43.4 72 31, altitude: 1,119m above sea level. Repertoire. The site is notable for a considerable number of medieval Arabic and Sogdian inscriptions (13), which, along with petroglyphs (30), are within 2km of the riverbank and of a road used in ancient and medieval times. Rock paintings and inscriptions are in small groups. Basically, they are on the open rock surface, but also under overhangs. Petroglyphs represent anthropomorphic (humans, archers-hunters and riders) and animal (mountain goats, horses, deer) images, geometrics and signs (solar, spectacle-shaped, swastika, cup-holes, unclosed circles, tamgas), musical instruments and inscriptions (Sogdian, Arabic script, modern Cyrillic). Drawings were made in an exquisite and realistic manner, in addition to schematic drawings. No palimpsests exist; there are unfinished drawings, and, possibly, sketches; fully or partially refreshed images were found. Sizes vary from 3-5cm to 15-18cm and only images of musical instruments and horses are represented close-up. Technique. The drawings were made using a coarse and fine pecking with a depth of 1 to 3-4mm. Dating. Aravan Gorge petroglyphs are provisionally dated from the Bronze Age and Saki-Usun (5 th - 1 st century BC) to the Late Middle Ages. One of the indisputable criteria for dating is horses identical to the “Davanian” horses at Ayrymach-Too (Surottuu-Tash) and Aravan Rock. Current Condition and Protection. The site is on the “National List of Historical and Cultural Sites of National Significance”. Neither its boundaries nor protection zones have yet been established. South-Western Fergana Sites in this part of the valley, related to the adyr and foothill area of the Turkestan and Alay Ranges, are mainly located at an altitude of 1,500m and some higher. The earliest information about petroglyphs dates to the pre-revolution period (Veber 1914: 130). The best known are in the Surottu Gorge and near the Okhna village (now Orozbekovo village) studied in 1939 by Voronets M.-E. (1950: 75-90). Some petroglyphs near Okhna were examined in the early 1970’s by Shatskiy G.-V., who dated them to the 1 st millennium BC (1973: 16-18). In 1966-1967, Kabyrov Zh. discovered new petroglyph locations on the southern slope of Kartan-Too near settlements Sur, Bel, Taryk, Bagyshym as well as gorge Shorbulaksay (Khujanazarov 1995: 13) and dated them to Rock Art in Kyrgyzstan 67 the 7 th BC – 8 th AD centuries. In 1979-1982, Kartan-Too petroglyphs were examined in the border areas of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. At the same time, new sites –drawings made with pink paint- were found near the Eshme village and petroglyphs at Zhany-Aryksay as well as previously unknown drawings at Surottu (Khujanazarov 2004: 110). All listed locations are on different slopes of low limestone mountains. The western tip of Katran-Too reaches the Sokh enclave of Uzbekistan. Kalchoku The site is located on the territory of the Orozbekovo village (former Okhna) in Uchkun Gorge, 5km southwest of the district capital of the Kadamzhay district of the Batken Province, not far from the junction of Kadamzhay-Ayderken (Haydarken) and Kadamzhay-Kyzyl-Bulak roads. It was discovered in 2005 by associates of the Institute of Social Sciences of the Southern Department of NAS of the RK and OshSU (Maltaev et al. 2005: 219-223). Many cultic items in the form of cupules, footprints, grooves in combination with few petroglyphs (about 20) with quite remarkable images were found on rock faces, individual blocks and boulders on Kalchoky Mountain and around it. A “sun-headed” personage is carved on one of the faces of a large stone. Its facial details are thoroughly dotted and its body has four arms. On another one, an ox-Bos primigenius in a bitriangonal style is harnessed to a two-wheeled cart steered by a waggoner. The other petroglyphs are mainly representations of mountain goats drawn in different manners. According to researchers, Sulayman-Too drawings are analogos to these petroglyphs; the site is interpreted as an ancient sanctuary. Dating is suggested between the Late Bronze Age and the Middle Ages. Current Status and Protection. Locations at Okhna (Orozbekovo), Surottu and Suuk-Dangi are in the “Government List of Historical and Cultural Sites of National Significance”. The sites in this district having a great scientific interest and cultural importance are potential sites for a transboundary serial nomination, which calls for a need to organize and conduct additional research, protection and management efforts. Preliminary Comparative Analysis of the Fergana Sites The following table presents an attempt to compare the main natural, historical and cultural features of the two identified groups of rock art sites located in the high and low mountains of the Fergana (Rogozhinsky 2006). Sites in Low Mountains Sites in High Mountains Petroglyphs are found on rock outcrops (sometimes without patina) that stand out against the plain terrain of low mountains, often next to or inside caves under overhangs. Some sites show different techniques for petroglyphs on open and closed surfaces. Petroglyphs are found on individual boulders of moraine deposits and overhangs covered with thick patina Petroglyphs of ancient periods: Bronze Age and Early Iron Age. Petroglyphs of ancient times prevail (end of 1 st millennium BC – beginning of 1 st millennium AD) and of later periods. They include rock art of different periods –Eneolithic (?), Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Middle Ages, and New Times. Modest repertoire of images and motifs. Main theme: depiction of horses in an exquisite manner. A special category includes geometrics–labyrinths, grids, and others. Many sites contain refreshed drawings. The repertoire is rich, diverse, and representative of several periods of history. Rock Art in Central Asia 68 Petroglyphs are part of other ritually significant components of the modern cultural landscape (mountains, caves, niches, cultic items with symbolism of fertility). An archeological complex with petroglyphs includes other types of sites different in time. Relevance of petroglyphs to other items of an archeological site is weak or poorly studied. A living tradition remains of worshipping sites with rock art (mountains, rocks, boulders, and caves). A tradition of worshipping sites related to petroglyphs is discontinued or poorly pronounced. Recommendations The following groups of sites are proposed to be included into the serial nomination “Rock Art of Central Asia”: 1. Sites of the high-altitude Fergana and Uzgen Ranges –Suuk-Dobo, Baychechekey, Kara- Kuldzhi district; 2. Sites of Osh Oasis and adjacent areas –Sulayman-Too, Ayrymach-Too (Surottuu-Tash), Kerme-Too, Aravan, Chiylu-Say (Sahaba), Aravan Gorge; 3. Sites of South-Eastern Fergana –Surottuu, Okhna and others; 4. Sites with rock paintings –Tash-Unkur, Chiygen-Tash, Eshme; 5. Saymaly-Tash will not be included in the serial nomination and will be presented individually. Bibliography ABETEKOV A.K., BARUZDIN YU.-D. 1963. Saki-Usun Sites in the Talas Valley. Archeologial Sites of the Talas Valley. Frunze. AKMATOV K.-T. Petroglyphs of Ornok. Information and Research on the Archeology of Kyrgyzstan. ANATI E. 1968. Arte rupestre nelle regioni occidentale della Peninsola Iberica. Archivi i Arte preistorica , № 2. Capo di Ponte. AZHIGIREY G. 1928. Ancient Drawings on Rocks of Surot-Tash Gorge near Osh. News Bulleting of the Central Asian Branch of the Geographic Society, V.18. AMANBAEVA B.-E. & DEVLET E.-G. 1998. Petroglyphs of Sulayman-Too. Ancient Osh in Medieval Context. International Conference: “History and Culture of Os and Osh Province in the Pre-Mongolian Period”. Osh, October 28-30. AMANBAEVA B.-E. & DEVLET E.-G. 1999. Petroglyphs of Sulayman-Too. News about Ancient and Medieval Kyrgyzstan. Issue 2. Bishkek, “Muras”. AMANBAEVA B.-E. & DEVLET E.-G. 2000. On Sulayman Mountain. Osh 3000/NAS of the RK/National Office “Osh-3000” under the Government of the RK. Bishkek. AMANBAEVA B.-E. & SKRIPKINA S. 2007. Mazars in the Kyrgyz Part of the Fergana Valley. Mazars in the Fergana Valley. Bishkek. AMANBAEVA B.-E., SULAYMANOVA A.-T., ZHOLDOSHEV Ch.-M. 2006. Petroglyphs in Osh Oasis. Kyrgyzstan. History and Modern Times. Bishkek. AMANBAEVA B.-E. SULAYMANOVA A.-T., ZHOLDOSHEV Ch.-M. 2007. Exploratory Routes of the Talas Archeological Party in 2003-2005. News Bulletin of NAS of the RK. Science. ASANKANOV A.-A., TOLUBAEV S.-A., TOLOBAEV P.-A. 2005. Ozgon rayonundagy Zhany izildengen syyynuuchu Jean yyyk zhaylar. Bulletin of the Osh State University. No. 1. Atlas of the Kyrgyz Republic 1987. M. BERNSHTAM A.-N. 1940. Kenkol Burial Ground. Leningrad. Rock Art in Kyrgyzstan 69 BERNSHTAM A.-N. 1997. Selected Works on Archeology and History of the Kyrgyz People and Kyrgyzstan. V. 1. Bishkek. Central Asia and the Far East in the Middle Ages 1999. Central Asia in the early Middle Ages. M. CHEYLYTKO V.-R. 1965. In the Vicinity of Osh. Leninskiy Put’ Newspaper. 15 December 1965. GAPONENKO V.-M. 1963. Rock Art in the Talas Valley. Archeological Sites in the Talas Valley. Frunze. GELLER S.-YU., ZIMINA R.-P., KEMMERIKH A.-O., KUVSHINNIKOVA K.-V., MURZAEV E.-M., RODIN L.-E., ROZANOV A.-N., RUBTSOV N.-I., FORMOZOV A.-N. 1958. Physical and Geographic Regions. Central Asia. AS of the USSR. DYADYUCHENKO L.-V. 1970. In the Caves of Kyrgyzstan. Frunze. DYADYUCHENKO L.-V. 1970. Without a Need – to Zardalyu. Frunze. History of Kyrgyz SSR. 1984. V. 1. Frunze. History of Tajikistan. 1998. V. 1. Dushanbe. KABIROV Zh. 1976. Rock Art on Boulders in Sarmishsoy. Tashkent. KADYRBAYEV M.-K. & MARYASHEV A.-N. 1977. Rock Art in the Karatau Range. Alma-Ata. KALLAUR V.-A. 1897. Archeological Trip along the Aulietan District. Annex to Meeting Minutes and Reports of the Turkestan Activity Club of Amateur Archeologists as of 29 August 1897. Tashkent, KHLUDOV N.-G. Saymaly-Tash Pass Where Stones with Inscriptions were Found. Protocols of the Turkestan Activity Club of Amateur Archeologists. KOZHOMBERDIEV I. 1963. Catacomb Sites of the Talas Valley. Archeological Sites of Talas Valley. Frunze. KHUJANAZAROV M.-M. 1985. Rock Art of North-Eastern Uzbekistan. Abstract of a Thesis on Historical Sciences. L. KHUJANAZAROV M.-M. 1995. Rock Art of Khodjakent and Karakiyasay. Tashkent. KHUJANAZAROV M.-M. Sites of Uzbekistan. Sites of Rock Art in Central Asia. MALTAEV K.-ZH. & NASIROV T.-A. 1997. Rock Art of Takht-i-Suleyman as a Source of Osh City History. Osh Oasis at the Crossroads of Continents and Civilizations (A Collection of Information the International Scientific-Theoretical Conference). Osh. MALTAEV K.-ZH., ADILBAEV ZH.-A., NASIROV T.-A., ALYMKULOV A.-K. 2002. The new Site of Ancient Art of Suuk-Debe Gorge. Central Asian Civilizations: Farmers and Pastoralists; Tradition and Modernity. Abstracts of the International Scientific Conference. Samarkand. MARTYNOV A.-I., MARYASHEV A.-N., ABETEKOV A.-K. 1992. Petroglyphs of Saymaly-Tash. Alma-Ata. MARYASHEV A.-N. & ROGOZHINSKY A.-E. 1987. Questions of Periodization and Chronology of the Petroglyphs of Kazakhstan. Scythian-Siberian World. Art of Ideology. Novosibirsk. MARYASHEV A.-N. & ROGOZHINSKY A.-E. 1991. Rock Art in Eshkiolmes Mountains. Alma-Ata. MASSON M.-E. Pioner Vostoka Newspaper of 15 January 1939. MASSON M.-E. 1940. Expedition Archaeological Supervision at the Construction of the Grand Fergana Canal. Summary Reports and Field Studies of the Institute of History of Material Culture of the AS of USSR. Vol. VI. MASSON M.-E. 1948. Ancient Rock Paintings of Domesticated Horses in Southern Kyrgyzstan. Proceedings of the Institute of Language, Literature and History under the Kyrgyz Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Frunze. NURMAMETOV R.-G. 2004. Preserving and Displaying Sites of Rock Art in the Near Issyk-Kul Region in Museums. Sites of Rock Art in Central Asia. Public participation, management, conservation, documentation. Almaty. NURMAMETOV R.-G. 2006. Lunar-Solar Personage in the Rock Art of Issyk-Kul. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1 (252), Almaty. OGUDIN V.-L. & OGUDINA G.-N. 1988. Report of the Work Done on the Slopes of Takht-i- Sulayman 18-28.07 and 11-16.08. Fergana. Rock Art in Central Asia 70 OKLADNIKOV A.-P. & RATZEK V.-I. 1954. Traces of Ancient Culture in the Caves of Tien Shan (Discoveries in Ak-Chunkur Cave). Bulletin of the All-Union Geographic Society, Issue 86, vol. 5. Osh Province. Encyclopedia 1987. Frunze. POMASKIN B.-V. 1999. Sulayman Mountain. Magic of Petroglyphs. Kurak. Art and Culture. No. 1. Bishkek. ROGOZHINSKY A.-E. 2008. On Modern Problems of Rock Art Archeology of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Archaeology, Ethnography and Anthropology of Eurasia. 4 (36). Novosibirsk. ROGOZHINSKY A.-E. 2006. Report on the Survey of Sites of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan - Potential Sites for Serial Nomination UNESCO “Rock Art in Central Asia”. Almaty. RYSAKOVA R.-Ya. 1982. Discoveries of Young Ethnographers of Talas. Frunze, Kyrgyzstan. RYSAKOVA R.-Ya. 1983. The Stone Inscriptions. Leninskoye Znamya Newspaper, February 12. SAMASHEV Z. 2006. Petroglyphs of Kazakhstan. SHATSKIY G.-V. 1973. Drawings on Rock. Tashkent. SHER Ya.-A. 1980. Petroglyphs of Middle and Central Asia. M. SHER YA.-A., MIKLASHEVICH E.-A., SAMASHEV Z.-S., SOVETOVA O.-S. 1987. Petroglyphs of Zhaltyrak-Tash. Problems of Archaeological Cultures in the Steppes of Eurasia. Kemerovo. SHER YA.-A., SOVETOVA O.-S., MIKLASHEVICH E.-A. 1995. Survey of Petroglyphs of Zhaltyrak- Tash. Ancient Art of Asia. Petroglyphs. Kemerovo. Sites of History and Culture 2003. German Agency for Technical Cooperation. Bishkek. SITNIKOVA N.-A. 2004. Experience of Preserving Petroglyphs in Kyrgyzstan. Sites of Rock Art in Central Asia. Public participation, management, conservation, documentation. Almaty. SULTANHOZHDAEV A.-N. 1972. Ferghana Artesian Basin. Tashkent. TABALDIYEV K.-Sh. 2008. Sites of Inscriptions on Rocks of Kyrgyzstan. Bishkek. Talas Province 1995. Encyclopedia. Bishkek. TASHBAYEVA K.-I. 2004. Sites of Kyrgyzstan. Sites of Rock Art in Central Asia. Public participation, management, preservation, documentation. Almaty. TASHBAYEVA I.-K. & FRANCFORT H.-P. 2005. The Study of Petroglyphs on Zhaltyrak-Tash. Bulletin of the International Institute for Central Asian Research. Samarkand-Bishkek. VEBER V.-N. 1914. Geological Map of Central Asia. M. VEDUTOVA L.-M. 1999. Reconstruction of Semantics of Human Footprint Depictions in the Rock Art of Sulayman-Too. News about Ancient and Medieval Kyrgyzstan. Issue 2. Bishkek. VEDUTOVA L.-M. 2000. Labyrinth Images in Petroglyphic of Sulayman-Too. Osh and Fergana: Archeology, New Times. Culture Genesis, Ethnogenesis. Issue 4. Bishkek. VINNIK D.-F. 1963. Turkic Sites in Talas Valley. Archeological Sites in Talas Valley. Frunze, pp. 79-93. VORONETS M.-E. 1950. Rock Art of Southern Kyrgyzstan. Works. Historical Series. Issue 2. KSIP named after M.-V. Frunze, ZADNEPROVSKIY Yu.-A. 1962. Rock Drawings of Horses in Ayrymachtau Gorge (Fergana). SE No. 5. ZADNEPROVSKIY Yu.-A. 1997. Osh Settlement in relation to the History of Fergana in the Late Bronze Age. Bishkek. ZHUMAGULOV CH. & KOZHOMBERDIEV I. 1983. Inscriptions and Petroglyphs from Kuru-Bakayir Gorge in Talas Valley. Archeological Discoveries. 1971. M. ZHUSUPAKMATOV L.-Zh. 1998. Mysteries of Labyrinths on Takht-i-Sulayman of Osh City. Osh. ZIMA B.-M. 1946. Origin of Rock Art Revisited. Works of the Kyrgyz Institute of Pedagogy. Issue 2. Frunze. Rock Art in Kyrgyzstan 71 List of Abbreviations AS of USSR – Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic BAS of USSR – Branch of the Academy of Sciences of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic CARAD - Central Asian Rock Art Database IA of UzAS – Institute of Archeology of the Uzbek Academy of Sciences IHCH of NAS of the RK- Institute of History and Cultural Heritage of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan KSIP – Kyrgyz State Institute of Pedagogy NAS of the RK - National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kyrgyzstan NBAUGS – News Bulletin of the All-Union Geographic Society. L. NC – National Complex “Manas-Ordo NHAMC – National Historical and Archeological Museum Complex “Sulayman-Too” OshSU – Osh State University SD of NAS of the RK – Southern Department of the National Academy of Sciences of Kyrgyz Republic. SE – Soviet Ethnography See illustrations page 167 73 Rock Art in Tajikistan * Bobomullo S. Bobomulloev † In the 1970’s, about 150 locations of petroglyphs, differing by their number of images and their level of study, were registered in Tajikistan (Ranov 1976). First knowledge about Tajikistan rock art, in the vicinity of Kalai-Panj village (Pamir), was published in 1879 by the British Captain Henry Trotter (Trotter 1879). A famous work by the Danish explorer O. Olufsen, who visited the Pamirs in 1896-1899 and described drawings on rocks near the village of Langarkisht, came out in 1904 (Olufsen 1904: 193-196). Later, information on Tajikistan rock art was published by Bobrinksiy A.-A. (1908), Korzhenevskiy N.-A., and Ratzek V.-I. (Ratzek 1944). The first serious but mostly tentative publications of Tajikistan petroglyphs appeared in the second half of the 1940’s, after mere references in the works of travelers or specialists in other areas. They are credited to to Dalskiy A.-N., Madji A.-E., Mandelstam A.-M., Bernshtam A.-N., Ranov V.-A., Zhukov V.-A., Gurskiy A.-V., Agahanyats O-.E., Panfilov O.-V. and others. They provided not only descriptions of rock art locations, but they also tried to date the art, counted the images and photographed them. A series of publications specifically dedicated to Pamir rock art sites, such as Langar and Shakhty, came out in the 1960’s. Three concentrations of rock art sites in Tajikistan are grouped according to their landscape and geographical location: Eastern and Western (Badakhshan) Pamir; Hissar Alai; Western Fergana (Mounts Kurama and Mogoltau) (Bubnova, 2008). Download 5.01 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling