Structural
Genetical
Geographical
Functional
Cognitive
Aspects of
language study
Historical
Semiotic
Sociolinguistic
Psychological
Typological
Language economy, development of polysemy).
4. Tendency to form concrete borderlines between morphemes (norm and
normalization, development of the Norm).
5. Tendency to the economy of language means (s. item 3).
6. Tendency to delimitate the complexity of speech units.
7. Tendency to change the phonetic structure when the lexical meaning is lost.
8. Tendency to form the language with a plain morphological structure.
B. Necessity of improving the language structure.
1. Tendency to eliminate the abundance (redundancy) of the means of
expression (using participial or Infinitive constructions instead of Complex
Sentences).
2. Tendency to use more expressive forms (emotional vocabulary).
3. Tendency to get rid of the language elements containing insignificant
semantic function (the principal of frequency of usage).
C. Necessity of keeping the language in the condition of communicative
validity (generations should understand each other).
D. Internal language changes and processes having no relation to the
impact of certain tendency (system-based changes).
1. Influence of the form of one word to the form of another word (Analogy).
2. Contamination.
3. Junction of different words of different origin on the principle of the unity of
meanings.
4. The raising of the new means of expressing certain meanings, as a result of
association. E.g. Jeans - джинсы, bucks - баксы (buck – male rabbit, doe – female
rabbit), rails – рельсы.
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