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Appearance and disappearance of phonological oppositions: [лə]> [л:] – more. 6
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5. Appearance and disappearance of phonological oppositions: [лə]> [л:] –
more. 6. Spontaneous changes of phonemes. 7. Change of the meaning of the words. 8. Notional words become suffixes in OE ere – meant – a man → now suffix - teacher. 9. Cases of interrelation of processes. There are two main factors of language change: Continuity (преемственность, изчиллик) IE → Germ. → En. Causality (причинность, сабабийлик) French Influence on English, 1066, Norman Conquest. 33 Destructive Constructive LANGUAGE POLICY 34 Geographical types of languages COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS Sociologism A. Meillet F. Brunot M. Grammone A. Dausat J. Vedries M. Kohen J. Maruso The Prague School R. Jakobson V. Matesius B. Trnka B. Havranek Y. Mukarjovskuy Y. Vakshek Y. Korjinek B. Skalichka N.S. Trubetskoy S.O. Karcevsky American Descriptivism L. Bloomfield F. Boas E. Sapir B. Whorf Ch. Fries J. Trager B. Block Z. Harris K. Pyke E.Nide W. Von Humboldt F. De Saussure N. Chomsky Structural linguistics Philosophy of language F. Bacon R. Descarte J. Locke F. Leibnits J.J. Russeau I. Herder E. Sapir B. Wharf J. Searle Copenhagen School of Glossematics L. Hjelmslev H. Ulldall V. Brondal Historical- comparative linguists F. Bopp J.L. Grimm R. Rask Y. Bredsdorf A. Kh. Vostokov N.Y. Marr V.M. Jimunskiy E.A. Makayev M.M. Gukhmann Y. Kurilovich E. Benveniste S.D. Katznelson M.I. Steblin – Kamensky, G.S. Schur Young grammarians K. Brugmann H. Osthoff H. Paul B. Delbrucke A. Leskine V. Tomsen K. Verner M. Breale F. Ascoli W. Whitney Neolinguists V. Pisani J. Bonfante B. Terachini J. Devoto B. Millorine F. Ascoli Generative linguistics N. Chomsky Z. Harriz P. Postal R. Lies R. Jackendoff J. Katz J. Lakoff Psycholinguistics G. Steintal A. Potebnya A.A. Leontyev Ye. F. Tarasov A. Shahnarovich Yu. A. Sorokin Russian linguists M.V. Lomonosov F.F. Fortunatov N.V. Krushevsky N.A. Badwin de Courtenay L.V. Scherba V.V. Vinogradov V.N. Yartseva G.V. Kolshansky L.S. Barkhudarov I.R. Galperin A.V. Koonin N.D. Arutyunova E.S. Kubryakova V.V. Vasilyev Linguo- pragmatics W. Chafe Ch. Fillmore G. Leech J. Lyons Ch. Morris Sh. Safarov The Greatest Linguists of the World 35 Extralinguistic Geographical Social Temporal Factors of language change Intralinguistic Phonetic Spelling Grammatical Lexical Stylistic Causality (причинность, сабабийлик) Norman Conquest, French Influence, Territorial Diversity Continuity (преемственность, узвийлик) IE → Germ → EL The principles of language development Essential notions of sociolinguistics LANGUAGE SITUATION Monolingual (unilingual) Bilingual Polylingual (multilingual) Languages used in one country Endemic Languages Languages used in two or more countries Pandemic Bilingualism Diglossia 36 Tendencies in the language development Glossary 1. Broca's aphasia. An aphasia characterized by difficulty in articulation, fluency, gram mar, and the comprehension of complex sentences. 2. Broca's area. A region in the lower part of the left frontal lobe that has been associated with speech production, the analysis of complex sentences, and verbal short -temi memory 3. canonical root. A root that has a standard sound pattern lor simple words in the language, a part-of-speech category, and a meaning arbitrarily related to its sound. Language families Time 2 hours Number of the students - 20 Form and type of the lesson Introductory remarks The plan of the lesson 1. Introductory notes 2. Sociolinguistic analysis of the languages of the world 3. Introduction to language families 4. General principles of the language families 5. General approaches and methods for language study The objective of the lesson The objective of the lesson is to form the sum of general knowledge and ideas about the formation of the English language. Integration D 1 D 3 L 1 D 2 D 4 Differentiation D 1 D 3 L 1 D 2 D 4 37 Pedagogical tasks: It is important to inform the learners about the subject of the lesson that they could form some understanding of it and be able to explain others. The results of the lesson: Having learned this lesson the students will form understanding on the following topics: 1) Some events in the history of the Germanc tribes that are important to know; 2) How the nations that invaded the land could influence the language of the Europe; 3) The history of the tribes that later formed the Germanc speaking nations and their peculiarities. Methods of teaching Problematic lesson Form of teaching Interactive teaching Means of teaching Course books, manuals, handouts, posters, DVD Projector, additional materials. Conditions of teaching Classroom Monitoring and Evaluation The lesson is evaluated according to the achievements of the student. Technological mapping of the Practical works 1 Stages, time Content of the activity Instructor Student Stage 1 Introduction 10 minutes 1.1. The instructor introduces the students with the topic, plan, aim, tasks, topicality, theoretical and practical values of the problems discussed. 1.2. The teacher uses brainstorming method in order to check the readiness of the students for the practical work 1.1. The students make notes on the items presented 1.2. The students will answer the questions to demonstrate their readiness. 38 Stage 2 The main stage (60 minutes) 2.1. The instructor divides the students into 3 groups and each group gets their tasks. The instructor explains the rules for the drills. 2.2. The students are informed about the evaluation criteria. (The teacher reminds the students that they can use the texts of the lesson, manuals, dictionaries etc). 2.3. The instructor acts as an onlooker. 2.4. The teacher comments on the answers of the students and then makes conclusions. 2.1. The students present the results of their activity. 2.2. The students answer the questions given by the teacher. 2.3. The students work on the tables 2.4. The students will be informed about the results of their work. Stage 3. The final stage 3.1. The instructor summarizes the practical work, marks the answers of the students and makes an appraisal of the best answers. 3.2. The instructor sets the topics for the self work 3.1. The students listen attentively. 3.2. The students write down their individual tasks. Practical work 1. Introductory notes 2. General principles of the language families 3. General approaches and methods for language study Literature recommended 1. Kuldashev A. «Roman-Germanic Philology”. T., 2010. 39 Lesson 2: The Indo European family of languages. The history of old English. 1. Introduction to the more important language families including Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic, Afro-Asiatic, Sino-Tibetan, Malayo-Polynesian and others. 2. What are Language Families? It appears that the use of language came about independently in a number of places. All languages change with time. A comparison of Chaucer's English, Shakespeare's English and Modern English shows how a language can change over several hundred years. Modern English spoken in Britain, North America and Australia use different words and grammar. If two groups of people speaking the same language are separated, in time their languages will change along different paths. First, they develop different accents; next some of the vocabulary will change (either due to influences of other languages or by natural processes). When this happens, a different dialect is created; the two groups can still understand each other. If the dialects continue to diverge there will come a time when they are mutually unintelligible. At this stage the people are speaking different languages. One of the best examples in Western history occurred after the Roman Empire collapsed in the 4th Century AD. Latin was the language of that empire. All the Latin speakers in different parts of Europe (Italian Peninsula, Download 5.01 Kb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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