Rus va ingliz tillari kafedrasi roman-german filologiyasiga kirish

miKTaB - typewriter, KuTuBii bookseller, maKTuuB - fate, letter ("that which is 
written"). The consonants give the root meaning while the vowels, suffixes and 
prefixes give the grammatical meaning. 
The Arabic alphabet mainly uses consonants because the reader can supply the 
correct vowels from the context. The first Alphabets were invented by speakers of 
Semitic languages and so had no vowels. Unusually for this family, Somali has 20 
separate vowel sounds. It also has four tones which indicate gender, number and case. 
This language family originated in the Sahara area before it became a desert 
and spread to the Horn of Africa, North Africa and the Middle East. During the 7th 
Century AD, Arabic spread from the Arabian Peninsula with Islam to cover most of 
North Africa and the Middle East. 
The Caucasian Family of Languages 
The Caucasian Family is named after the Caucasus Mountains between the 
Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. This is a very linguistically diverse region. 
The languages include Georgian (Georgia), Chechen and Ingush (both found 
in Chechnya in southern Russia), and Avar (9 dialects from a region called 
Dagestan). Urartian (extinct language of the Urartu Empire of Eastern Turkey) also 
belongs to this family. 
Some linguists consider that these languages may actually be three separate 
families. 
The languages are dominated by difficult consonant clusters. Ubykh (an 
extinct language whose last speaker died in 1992 in eastern Turkey) had 81 separate 
consonant sounds. Attempts are being made to revive it. 
Kabardian (spoken in southern Russia) has only three vowels which often 
disappear in speech. 
Many of these languages have a large number of noun cases. Tsez (spoken in a 
small region between Georgia and Chechnya) has 42. 

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The languages also have a property called ergativity. This means that the 
subject of a transitive verb is different from the subject of an intransitive verb. 
Transitive verbs can take an object (see, hear); intransitive verbs cannot take an 
object (go, walk).