Rus va ingliz tillari kafedrasi roman-german filologiyasiga kirish

Lingala (Zaire, Congo), Kongo (Zaire, Congo, Angola), Bemba (Zaire, Zambia), 
Nyanja (Malawi, Zambia), Shona (Zimbabwe), Ndebele (the Matebele in Zimbabwe 
and South Africa), Tswana (Botswana) and its close relative Sotho (South Africa, 
Lesotho), Swazi (Swaziland, South Africa), Xhosa (South Africa) and its close 
relative Zulu (South Africa). 
The southern languages have tones which are used partially for meaning but 
mostly for grammar. Banda (Congo) has three tones. Its speakers use three-tone 
drums to send formulaic messages. Efik has four tones and uses m and n as vowels. 
Most of the Niger-Congo languages have prefixes and suffixes to qualify nouns 
and verbs as well as words that agree with them. Nouns and verbs never exist on their 
own. Fulani has 18 suffixed noun qualifiers. 
THE COMPARATIVE METHOD 
As we have seen, the human mind has been speculating for hundreds of years 
on the origin and relationship of languages. But the solution to all these problems was 
far from being correct because no linguistic material was available. It was not until 
the Renaissance that material was gathered for later investigators to work on, and 

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they could not help being struck by the amazing similarity between some languages. 
Even in the sixteenth century, an Italian missionary called Filippo Sassetti had noted 
the similarity between the Italian numerals from six to nine - sei, sette, otto, nove, and 
their Sanskrit counterparts - sas, saptd, astau, nova.. An attempt to classify known 
languages according to the resemblance between them was made by the thinker 
Scaliger in 1599, when he grouped the chief languages after their wont for God, 
calling them respectively the deus-theos (i.e. Latin Greek), goit (Germanic), and bog 
(Slavonic) languages. 
This classification, however intelligent, might have continued blindly along 
these lines for ages, were it not for the discovery of Sanskrit. 
In the history of language, the discovery of Sanskrit is often compared to the 
discovery of America in the history of Mankind. It altered at a single stroke the whole 
field of linguistic research. 
William Jones, an English lawyer in India, wrote in 1786: "The Sanskrit 
language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure; more perfect than the 
Greek, more copious than the Latin and more acquisitively refined than either; yet 
bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and in the forms 
of grammar, than could possibly be produced by accident; so strong, indeed, that no 
philologer could examine them all three without believing them to have sprung from 
some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. There is similar reason, 
though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothic and the Celtic, though 
blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanskrit." 
In these_often quoted lines, Jones announced clearly and unequivocally the 
relationship between three of the great languages of antiquity-Sanskrit, Greek and 
Latin-and at the same time anticipated the reconstruction of that common source 
which, it seems, no longer exists-the parent Indo-European language itself. 
This climax of language research in the 18th century heralded the full 
blossoming of philology in the 19th century. We have good grounds for saying that 
linguistics as a science was created in the 19th century, especially comparative 
linguistics. 
The first of the great pioneers in comparative linguistics of the last century in 
Western Europe was the Danish Rasmus Rask (1787-1832). His major work