Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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in the 1960s. When the government resolution was passed that described what the new Soyuz spacecraft would be used for, on 3 December 1963, there was no mention whatsoever about the simulators that would be needed to train the crews to fly the missions. 2 In the very early years of TsPK's existence, activities were limited to physical training and general management of the new unit. Medical issues were dealt with in hospitals and medical institutes in Moscow, while the actual flight training took place at the Korolyov design bureau. When simulators were finally delivered to TsPK, they were placed in Korpus D, until they were relocated to the new Engineering and Simulator Building when that was constructed in 1973. Finding a location 3
One of the small shops near the House of Cosmonauts in the Star City town Early EVA training In 1965, one major new facility ± a swimming pool ± was added to the training centre. Although this pool was used to train for the early EVA missions such as Voskhod 2 and Soyuz 4/5, it is unclear if this was the reason for actually building it. Other EVA training was conducted during parabolic flights on a Tupolev Tu-104 aircraft that had been modified for cosmonaut training. Gymnasium Although the Headquarters and Staff Building had a gymnasium added to it in 1964, within a few years it was clear that that facility no longer met the needs of the ever growing cosmonaut detachment. Therefore, a new gymnasium was fitted out on the top floor of the building housing the pool. Here, the crewmembers and other cosmonauts could work on their physical fitness in peace and quiet. This gym is still in use today and when western astronauts started training in Russia in the early 1990s, photos were released on a number of occasions showing them working out on modern training equipment in the facility. Struggle for power In the meantime, there was the ongoing struggle between TsPK and the Korolyov design bureau (notably Korolyov himself) about who should train cosmonauts and where that training should occur. In September 1965, Korolyov reacted furiously to an Air Force proposal to have one cosmonaut fly a mission lasting between 20 and 25 days in order to conduct military experiments. He accused Kamanin of having instigated the proposal (which had been signed by Air Force commander-in-chief Konstantin Vershinin) and threatened that he was perfectly capable of training cosmonauts himself and would do so, both flight-engineers and commanders. 3 4 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth On the square in front of the Headquarters and Staff Building, this obelisk with a mosaic of Lenin is one of the few remaining reminders from the days of the USSR At that time, TsPK was still under threat from the initiatives of the design bureaus. In August 1966, Kamanin obtained a document that showed that the former OKB-1, which was now called TsKBEM (for Central Construction Bureau of Experimental Machine Building), had developed its own programme to train cosmonauts, without discussing things with the military and without having TsPK participate. Kamanin indicated that it was clear to him that TsKBEM's new chief designer, Vasiliy Mishin, and the head of the Soviet Academy of Sciences, Mstislav Keldysh, were attempting to create their own, civilian, cosmonaut training centre to prepare cosmonauts for the L-1 and L-3 manned lunar programmes. 4 Kamanin and other Air Force officials fought these attempts and were eventually successful. On 8 December 1966, Kamanin noted in his diary that Mishin and his deputy, Pavel Tsybin, had signed what he described as a `peace treaty' with the Air Force. The document was the start of improved relations between TsKBEM and the Air Force and was the result of a successful defence against the attempts of the design bureaus, the Ministry of General Machine Building and the Academy of Sciences to create a new training centre for civilian cosmonauts. Kamanin stated that Finding a location 5
for at least the next three or four years, cosmonauts would only be trained at TsPK, without any significant influence from non-military organisations and ministries. Kamanin used the new developments to try and improve the situation for TsPK. Since 1967 would be a special year for the Soviet Union because of the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution, the government and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) were pressing for space spectaculars to mark the occasion. Although he blamed the industry for the setbacks and delays that had occurred in recent years, Kamanin believed that in the current situation, cosmonaut training might become another delaying factor to achieving the government's goals. He felt it necessary that TsPK be further expanded; that a large 16-metre centrifuge called TsF-16 be built; that a special air wing be formed; and that a second training building be constructed. Furthermore, he thought that the staff of the centre should be increased significantly, although he didn't give an indication of numbers. Kamanin also thought that the status of TsPK should be elevated to that of a Scientific and Testing Institute (NII). 5 TsPK gets renamed On 27 March 1968, Yuri Gagarin was killed when the MiG 15 he was flying with Vladimir Seryogin crashed near the village of Novoselovo, some seventy kilometres north-east of Moscow. The death of the Soviet Union's number one hero was a blow to the nation as a whole, and to those in the Cosmonaut Training Centre in particular. It had been expected that before long, Gagarin would have been a General and would have become the commander of the centre. While the investigation was still ongoing, the Ministry of Defence decided that TsPK would be renamed after Gagarin on 1 April 1968. Furthermore, the 70th Air Force Fighter Training Regiment which, although an independent Air Force unit, was basically TsPK's air wing, would be named after Seryogin. General Kamanin used the same meeting to suggest a reorganisation of the Cosmonaut Training Centre into a `Research and Test Centre for Flights with Manned Spacecraft'. Ordered to put his request in writing, the next day Kamanin handed it in to Marshal Ivan Yakubovskiy, who told Kamanin that he would go along with the proposal. Kamanin's request to have the staff of the centre increased to 500 was not fulfilled, however. This was something that would have to be discussed with the Party. On 4 May, the TsPK staff was officially informed of the decision to rename the centre and the air wing. 6 A week later, Pavel Belyayev was put in charge of having a monument for Gagarin designed and put up either in the training centre itself, or in the living area of Star City. The centre expands One of the plans Kamanin had for the centre was to have a separate air base especially for the cosmonauts. The cosmonauts themselves were opposed to the plan, but Kamanin felt that training flights by cosmonauts were being hindered by the increasingly overcrowded air space around Moscow. The Chkalovskiy Air Base, which was the largest base in the country, was also getting much busier, and Kamanin foresaw the problems getting worse, especially as the number of 6 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth An unusual view of the training centre showing the Hydrolaboratory (left), the Planetarium (right) and the boiler facility with its smokestack in the background cosmonauts expanded. Kamanin had a meeting with Marshal Sergey Rudenko, who in principle agreed with the idea of building a separate air field. He suggested either the Crimea or Central Asia as a location, but although he didn't rule out the possibility of having an air field there someday, Kamanin was thinking of a site between 100 and 200 kilometres from Moscow. 7 In the end however, these plans would not be carried out and to this day, the Seryogin Regiment is stationed at Chkalovskiy Air Base, only a few kilometres from TsPK. Proof that things were not always easy for Kamanin was a paragraph in his diary entry for 21 June 1968. He had had to ask Vershinin to send a letter to the Chief of the General Staff in order to ask the State Planning Commission to allocate twelve Volga staff cars for the cosmonauts to use for business travel. Four years earlier, six cars had been obtained for that purpose, but they badly needed to be replaced. Kamanin had stressed that in other locations that were frequented by cosmonauts, notably Baykonur and the Crimea (mission control in Yevpatoriya and the water survival training area in Feodosiya), they had no cars at their disposal at all, which meant that they regularly had to try and get about by hitchhiking! Since several of those hitched rides had ended in road accidents, Kamanin stressed that stationing three cars in the Crimea and three at the cosmodrome was also in the interest of cosmonaut safety. 8 Finding a location 7 Two plaques by sculptor Ivan Misko were mounted next to the entrance of the Headquarters and Staff Building. This one commemorates Sergey Korolyov The twin plaque, mounted on the other side of the entrance, commemorates Yuri Gagarin
8 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth REORGANISATION In late 1968, TsPK underwent a major restructuring. The Central Committee of the CPSU issued a resolution to convert the Cosmonaut Training Centre into the `Test and Research Centre for Space Flights named after Yu. A. Gagarin', having the centre operate on the same level as test and research institutes of the first category. 9 Kamanin and the TsPK management then drafted a new structure for the centre. It would be divided into five departments: . Orbital Spaceships . Military Spaceships . Lunar Spaceships . Engineering Department, and . Medical Department Although it seemed that TsPK was past its most difficult years, not everything would go as smoothly as Kamanin had hoped. In early February 1969, Kamanin and Vershinin discussed plans for TsPK during a flight from the Baykonur Cosmodrome back to Moscow. The centre was to consist of 600 officers, including eight generals (at that time, there was only one), three directors (also only one), and six deputy positions (there were three). TsPK was to become the country's centre for both cosmonaut training and scientific research, but according to Kamanin's diary, Vershinin was not able to get anything going on these plans, despite promises to implement them by higher officers. 10 In March 1969, Vershinin, who had always supported Kamanin, lost his post as Commander of the Soviet Air Force, and was replaced by General Pavel Kutakhov. According to the Kamanin diaries, Kutakhov was bad news for space flight in general, and for TsPK in particular. When looking back at 1969, Kamanin wrote that it hadn't been a bad year, but concluded that Kutakhov was totally indifferent to civilian space flight. He didn't support TsPK, and refused to help Kamanin strengthen the centre. In fact, when Kutakhov had been ordered to cut personnel in the general staff by ten per cent, he had done so almost exclusively by reducing space unit staff by 25±30 per cent. However, the ministry quickly intervened. Although it is uncertain to what degree Kamanin's ideas of January 1967 influenced the events in the years to follow, it must be said that the development of TsPK did keep track with those ideas. After four years without any major facilities having been constructed, a building to house the medical department was completed in 1969. Designated Korpus 3, it was the first structure to be built outside the fenced- off TsPK perimeter and it led to the enlargement of that perimeter to the current size. Most of the new facilities that have been built since are situated outside the original fence.
Given the time it takes to build a four-storey structure like this, it seems likely that construction started in 1967, not long after Kamanin put his visions on paper. In the following years, more new facilities were opened. In 1970, a new wing was added on the west side of the medical department building, which would become the home of TsF-7, the centre's first centrifuge. Until that time, all centrifuge testing was done Reorganisation 9 A rotating chair is used by the medical department to test and train cosmonauts for the effects of motion sickness either at the Institute of Medical-Biological Problems, or in Air Force hospitals in Moscow. Since centrifuge rides were not exclusive to cosmonaut selection, but were also a regular part of mission training, it made sense to set one up in TsPK as well. TsF-7, which has a radius of seven metres, was manufactured in the Soviet Union. Commissioned in 1973, it can pull a maximum of 20-g. In January 1971, Vasiliy Mishin made one last attempt to set up a separate training centre for civilian cosmonauts at the Moscow Aviation Institute. In fact, Mishin and the civilian cosmonauts even had the nerve to come to view the TsPK premises to get ideas, but once again nothing came of it. As far as is known, this was the last time an attempt was made to try and train cosmonauts outside of TsPK. Later that year, Kamanin was informed that the Cosmonaut Training Centre had been awarded the Order of Lenin, the Soviet Union's highest award. Boiler installations Construction work in TsPK continued and a new feature was a boiler facility, consisting of two large boiler installations supplying hot water and central heating. It was built in two stages and after the second boiler had been added in 1973, the 10 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth
TsF-7, the smaller of the two centrifuges in TsPK The TsF-7 control room Reorganisation 11
facility provided heat both to Star City and to the nearby town of Bakhchivandzhiy, next to Chkalovskiy Air Base. Since that town didn't have enough heating facilities and TsPK had constructed a few apartment buildings there to house the staff of the Seryogin Regiment, they were obligated to supply heat. 11 By now, there were major building operations going on in TsPK, as was seen first hand by a number of American aerospace reporters who were shown around by the Director of Cosmonaut Training, Vladimir Shatalov, during preparations for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) in June 1973. 12 Profilactorium One of the new facilities that was being constructed at that time was the `American Hotel', which was especially built as a hotel for the American delegations that were visiting TsPK for ASTP. It was constructed on the bank of an artificial lake that had been excavated at the order of Georgiy Beregovoy, then head of TsPK. It was conveniently located outside the fence of the actual training centre, undoubtedly in order to prevent the Americans from getting too nosy. The NASA office in TsPK, which is housed in the Profilactorium 12 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth The lobby of the Profilactorium After ASTP, the facility was renamed the Profilactorium and from then on would serve as the place where returning crews could readapt after their space flights. In the early 1990s, when NASA and ESA astronauts began participating in Mir missions, both space agencies set up liaison offices in Star City, which are located on the second and third floors of the Profilactorium. Centrifuge TsF-18 From Kamanin's diaries, it was clear that there had been attempts to set up a large centrifuge in the centre since 1962. 13 Constructing this facility had no connection with ASTP as was suggested by the reporters that were shown around in 1973. 12 While ASTP was only agreed upon in May 1972, the decision to procure the centrifuge dated back to 1970. From the outset, the plan had called for a 16-metre centrifuge, and Kamanin had always referred to it as TsF-16 in his diaries. On 3 August 1970, a meeting was held to finally get the centrifuge into the state's new five- year plan. It was clear that it would have to be bought abroad, and the choice was between a French and a Swedish model. The Swedish model was the one the Soviets preferred, but the price the Swedes had indicated (12 million roubles) was more than the budget allowed. The following month, a Soviet delegation travelled to Sweden in order to negotiate with the prospective builders of a centrifuge, ASEA, an ABB subsidiary. For a while, the Soviet plans called for one with a 20-metre radius, TsF- 20, but negotiations dragged on and in May 1971, despite three trips to France and Reorganisation 13
A test subject wearing a Sokol pressure suit is waiting to be placed in the TsF-18 centrifuge's cabin Cosmonaut Anatoliy Filipchenko undergoing medical tests in the medical department 14 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth Korpus 3A, the home of the TsF-18 centrifuge, under construction in the early 1970s The TsF-18 centrifuge, built by the Swedish company ASEA, was delivered by barge in 1974 Reorganisation 15 Sweden, no order had been placed. In the end, the order went out to ASEA for a centrifuge with a radius of eighteen metres, which therefore would be known as TsF- 18. The biggest differences between TsF-7 and TsF-18 were that the new facility could pull 30-g, ten more than its counterpart, and that it was capable of simulating Soyuz landing patterns. Once the order had been placed and it was determined what the dimensions would be, ground could be broken for the building that would house it. The conspicuous circular facility was built as an extension to the medical department and was dubbed Korpus 3A. (Prior to this, once the wing that contained the TsF-7 had been built, that wing was known as `BTsF', and the oldest part of the building as `ATsF'.) Construction started in 1971 and was in full swing at the time of the visit of the American journalists in 1973. The building was completed the following year and shortly after that the centrifuge was delivered by barge. Once it was installed, the first systems testing took place in 1976, but those early tests only consisted of starting it and stopping again immediately, making the centrifuge move only several dozen centimetres at a time. In December 1980, ASEA officially handed the centrifuge over to the Russians and in September 1981, the first cosmonaut took a ride. Engineering and Simulator Building As well as the new centrifuge facility, the five-year plan called for the construction of some 5,000 square metres of new laboratories and a neutral buoyancy facility for EVA training. Although it would be another ten years before the latter would be built, the construction of a new simulator building began in 1971 and was finished just in time for the visit by the American journalists. It consisted of two wings, which were named Korpus 1 (the east wing) and Korpus 1A (the west wing). A separate facility that was to provide the power for the simulators was built in between these two wings and finished in 1974. Once it was finished, the simulators that were located in the old Korpus Dwere transferred to the new facility, after which Korpus Dwas renamed the Experimental Plant (Eksperimentalnyy Zavod) and turned into a workshop where engineers could build new training devices on site. When the American journalists were shown around TsPK in June 1973, they also visited the eastern hall and were shown the Salyut and Volga simulators and the Soyuz 2 Descent Module that were placed there. According to Aviation Week's Donald Winston, Shatalov had said: `We have no secrets here. The green wooden fence you see is only to keep out the Press. We want privacy and tranquillity here so we can concentrate on training for the tasks we must perform.' 12 However, the Americans weren't shown the western hall of the complex, where the simulators that were connected to the still highly secret Almaz and lunar programmes had been relocated to, nor did Shatalov mention that they were there! From this point on, all simulator training for Soyuz, Salyut and Mir was conducted in the Engineering and Simulator Building. Administration Building Another major structure that was built was an office building. Dubbed Korpus 2, it 16 The Cosmonaut Training Centre: birth and growth The main entrance of the Engineering and Simulator Building would become the home of the training department and included offices for the cosmonauts and a cafeteria. In 1981, a new wing was added to the Korpus 2 Training Department building. One of its features was a 12.5-metre planetarium dome and a highly sophisticated Zeiss planetarium that was used to train cosmonauts in navigating with the help of the stars. A crew cabin was put up on the centre of the dome's floor, containing the various devices that cosmonauts used for navigating while in orbit. Since the planetarium instrument was capable of depicting the skies from any point in orbit, it was no longer necessary to have cosmonauts travel to southern Africa in order to acquaint them with the southern skies. The training device was officially christened the `Astronavigation Functional Modelling Stand'. Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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