Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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for the official goodbyes, after which they returned to Baykonur. At the launch complex, they engaged in the official and unofficial traditions, such as flag raising, but were otherwise kept busy with physical exercise (sports) and with physical preparation for the mission. This included sessions on the tilting table, lying with their heads in a position lower than their bodies to create a condition of blood flow to their heads. The crew also had final sessions with scientists, and went through various launch and in-flight procedures. There are three checkout sessions in the actual spacecraft when it is still in the MIK. One is performed by the back-up crew and the others by the prime crew. The first of the prime crew sessions takes place in coveralls and for the second, the cosmonauts don their Sokol suits. During these sessions, the position of the cargo is checked to see if everything has been put in the correct place and to see if the crew can move around in the cramped vehicle. It is also during this session that the crew does egress training, but Kuipers stressed that this was post-landing egress, not emergency egress on the launch pad. The springs that push the seats upward seconds before landing were activated and the crew had to get out of the craft on their own. Kuipers explained that this was very difficult, as the activation of the springs had caused his seat to move upwards 82 Other national and international facilities Cosmonaut Vladimir Kozlov (left) relaxes a little after an isolation test and his face was now only some twenty centimetres away from the instrument panel, with no way to push the seat back to its original position. After what he thought was about fifteen minutes, he managed to get out. Kuipers also said that emergency egress was not really an option. Egress has to take place through the same hatch as ingress, unlike the Shuttle, where there is an emergency egress possibility through the cockpit windows. Being in the left seat (where Kuipers was) meant that he would be the last one to get out, but there is also nowhere to get out to. The service tower with the elevator is already gone, and the possibility a Shuttle crew has ± to walk through the white room and gantry to the service tower where they can use the slidewire system ± is not an option for Soyuz. Kuipers added that they were also warned a number of times that when certain warning lights illuminate, they had better brace themselves, as that meant that activation of the Launch Escape System was imminent `. . . and when that system is activated, with its 20-g acceleration, you want to be in your seat!' No photographer was present during his ingress, nor did Kuipers know if one ever had been. However, he knew that Mark Shuttleworth had carried a small camera and had taken some pictures himself, which he had seen. The Russians had been rather annoyed at this because they strongly oppose carrying loose objects in the launch phase. If the item had not been secured or had been dislodged during a high-g phase, it might have caused damage. Kuipers said that he had also carried a private camera, but he had not been able to get to it until he was in flight. In the summer of 2004, a short survival training session was conducted at Baykonur. The exercise lasted seven days in all, with one day of preparation Russia 83
followed by a two-day session for each of three `crews'. The first crew consisted of instructors, while the other two crews were made up of cosmonauts (Yuri Lonchakov, Maksim Surayev and Oleg Kononenko on the first, and Aleksandr Skvortsov Jnr, Mikhail Korniyenko and Konstantin Valkov on the second). Summer in Baykonur is very hot. EUROPE
European astronauts have been training at TsPK since the mid 1970s, initially from eastern bloc countries, then from west European states and now from the European Space Agency. In recognition of this expanded cooperation in human space flight programmes with Russia and America, ESA created a European Astronaut Centre (EAC) in Cologne, Germany in 1990, with the primary responsibility of selecting, preparing and supporting European astronaut operations. ESA is responsible for training all ISS astronauts on European station elements (Columbus science module, the Automated Transfer Vehicle, and European-supplied experiments and research facilities). 6 EAC ± Cologne Located at the EAC are the following training devices that will also be used by cosmonaut members of residential ISS crews. 7 Columbus Trainer Europe (COL-TRE) is a simulator supporting hands-on training for controlling and monitoring all systems and subsystems of the science module. Columbus Mock-Up (COL-MU) contains all the system components with mechanical interfaces that are designed for crew operation, which includes possible or planned in-flight replacement hardware. ATV Crew Trainer (ACT Lite) provides simulations of both ATV and ISS characteristics, allowing crew members to train for ATV approach, docking, undocking and separation. Safety features to command the ATV to hold its approach, abort the profile and guide it back to a safe distance to prevent collision are also included. This is a high fidelity simulator of the docking profile, which simulates the video image of an approaching ATV monitored by the crew aboard ISS, and overlays numerical data either on the video screen, or on a separate display in the station's Service Module. The training staff can insert a wide range of flight profiles, from normal to a variety of malfunctions and off-nominal scenarios. Commands from instructors and responses from the crew are recorded for post-flight evaluation. ATV and Service Module Mock-Up (ATV/SMMU) is a crew training facility for logistics transfer or emergency situations involving the unmanned cargo carrier. This is a full-size mechanical replica of the Russian Zvezda Service Module, with an attached ATV integrated cargo carrier (the pressurised element of the ATV vehicle). This allows crews to train on cargo, gas and water transfer, stowage and inventory management and, where required, in-flight maintenance issues. 84 Other national and international facilities
ATV training In accordance with the Expedition Training Requirements Integration Panel, the first crews to prepare for ATV operations as part of their training programme were the ISS-12 prime (Bill McArthur and Valeriy Tokarev) and back- up crews (Jeff Williams and Aleksandr Lazutkin). They were assigned to complete two weeks of training each at EAC during March-May 2005, with training dates for ESA astronaut Thomas Reiter and his back-up Leopold Eyharts to be determined later. Training programme development and support work has also been provided by cosmonauts Sergey Krikalev and Valeriy Ryumin. Crew training focuses on four areas: ATV Core Block (5 hours), rendezvous and docking, undocking and departure (31 hours), ATV attached phase operations (15 hours) and ATV Emergency training (1 hour). This programme is repeated during `complex training' at TsPK later in the training cycle. An onboard simulator is being developed to provide on-orbit refresher training. Three training dry runs at EAC were completed between July 2003 and April 2004, involving Russian, American and ESA crew members, and two special training runs began at TsPK in May 2004. Facilities at TsPK include the teleoperation training facility for stand-alone simulations of ATV- to-ISS rendezvous and docking, undocking and departure, and a Russian Segment Training Facility (RSTF-ATV) for simulated rendezvous and docking, undocking and attached phase operations (refuelling, orbital control). This is also used for integrated training. At TsPK, the crews complete ISS (ATV) prerequisite training on emergency equipment, the Russian docking system and Progress vehicles. They then complete ATV Training Period 1, where they train on the systems in the Russian segment for ATV operations, such as computer and communications equipment. Finally, ATV Training Period 2 covers rendezvous, undocking and departure proficiency skills and simulations. Columbus training ESA figures indicate that ISS crew members are trained at three different qualification levels: User, Operator or Specialist. Each training profile is designed to match the required qualification level: . User: Safe living aboard ISS by utilising systems/operations/payloads to achieve individual mission success . Operator: Same as User level, but with frequent nominal and maintenance task training, off-nominal task (quick response) training and higher payload capability training
. Specialist: Both User and Operator training, plus infrequent nominal and maintenance tasks, increment specific tasks and repairs. For ESA elements at EAC this training requires: Qualification ATV
Columbus User
8 hours 25 hours
Operator 49 hours
82 hours (+ 39 hours for initial activation and checkout activities ISS 1E (first European) mission) Specialist 59 hours
128 hours (+ 49 hours for 1E mission) This does not include training at TsPK. Europe 85
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Following the limited training sessions during the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in the early 1970s, no Russian cosmonaut training was held in America until the creation of the Shuttle-Mir programme two decades later. The majority of this training was held at NASA facilities in Houston and in Florida. JSC ± Houston, Texas This has been the home of the American astronaut corps since 1962. Cosmonauts assigned to Shuttle-Mir and ISS crews train here on fixed-base or motion simulators, practicing the ascent and entry phases of the Shuttle mission profiles either as a Shuttle crew member or as a returning Mir/ISS resident crew member. There are also practical and theoretical classes in the facilities of the Shuttle orbiter (food selection, meal preparation systems, waste management, sleeping, stowage), as well as emergency crew escape procedures in 1-g mock-ups, before training at the Sonny Carter water tank, where water egress training from the Shuttle is completed. This facility is also used for EVA training sessions. In addition to the facilities in Building 9 (Shuttle and ISS mock-ups) and Building 5 (ISS and Shuttle simulators), the cosmonauts have also visited nearby off-site institutions such as Boeing and United Space Alliance, who are major sub-contractors that provide elements of crew equipment (EVA suits, escape suits, mission peculiar equipment), and Spacehab ± contractor for the Shuttle augmentation module. As the Shuttle vehicle is phased out of the American programme, Russian cosmonaut training will focus more on ISS simulators, and possibly elements of the Crew Exploration Vehicle currently under development to replace the Shuttle by 2010±2014. Though several Russian cosmonauts have participated in American Mission Specialist training, none have yet been assigned as full Astronaut Candidates, unlike several Japanese, Canadian and European astronauts (and one Brazilian astronaut). It will be interesting to see whether Russian cosmonaut candidates complete a NASA Ascan training programme (and equally, whether NASA Ascans complete a cosmonaut candidate training programme) prior to qualification as official astronauts (or cosmonauts). As for NASA astronauts training on Soyuz, former Chief of the Space Flight Training Division of the Mission Operations Directorate, Frank E. Hughes, was able to acquire a mock-up for training purposes in Houston. In 1998, the Kansas Cosmosphere Space Museum in Hutchinson, Kansas came across an original, complete Soyuz T in a marketplace in Thailand. When it was shipped back to Kansas, Hughes managed to procure funds to have a mock-up made from it which was used for training purposes in Houston. When NASA finished with the mock-up, it was given to the Kansas Cosmosphere. 8 KSC ± Florida The primary launch site of the NASA Shuttle system is also used for some cosmonaut training, primarily in the procedures for escaping from the launch pad in the case of an emergency. Here, the cosmonauts are briefed in evacuation systems, including the slide wire baskets and the personnel carrier which the cosmonauts have 86 Other national and international facilities
to qualify to drive as part of their training (which many find great fun!) Briefings on the facilities and procedures at the Cape are also part of the cosmonauts' preparation for a launch on the Shuttle, and participation in crew Countdown Demonstration Tests and fit and function sessions aid in familiarisation with the actual vehicle to be flown in orbit. CANADA
Canada is the prime contractor of the Shuttle Robot Arm (Canadarm) and the Space Station Mobile Servicing Systems consisting of three main elements: the Space Station RMS (Canadarm2), the Mobile Base System (MBS) and a mobile platform with a two-armed robot called the Special Purpose Dexterous Manipulator (SPDM). These elements were installed on the ISS from 2001 and training for their operation is conducted at the Canadian Space Agency's headquarters in Saint-Hubert, Quebec, using the Mobile Servicing System Operations and Training Simulator (MOTS). MSS System Training With the installation of the MSS system, training of resident crew members was included in their programme of preparations. All astronauts and cosmonauts assigned to a resident crew aboard ISS are trained to operate the MSS and complete a two-week intensive training programme at the CSA facilities. Initially, from 1998, this training focused on Canadarm2, but since December 2001, it has expanded to include training on the operation of the MBS. A course on the SPDM is also part of the training programme. A three-quarter scale mock-up of the US Destiny Lab contains the Robotic Workstation (RWS), featuring a display and control panel, a portable computer system for displays, two hand controllers handling the translation and rotation of the Latching End Effector (LEE), and three monitors displaying the views from the three cameras located on Canadarm2 and other locations outside the ISS. The trainer also features the Canadian Space Vision System (SVS), which pinpoints the exact location and movement of payloads, presenting accurate distances and orientation. Theoretical training is followed by practical sessions held at the CSA head- quarters. Candidate crew members complete training in the Multimedia Learning Centre, the MSS Operations Training Simulator, and by Virtual Reality systems. After completing the two-week training course, the crew members are certified as Mobile Service System Robotics Operators (MRO) and are awarded a certificate and an embroidered emblem crest, with two embroidered wings featuring an illustration of the SSRMS arm. This training is very intensive, with two five-day sessions and some of the days lasting between ten and twelve hours. A special course for ground staff (controllers, Capcom, Flight Directors and crew support astronauts / cosmonauts, as well as instructors) has been developed by the CSA. Tailored for each group, this course instructs the ground team on the systems operating in space, offering additional support and awareness to flight operations. Several cosmonauts in support roles have also completed this training course. Canada 87 On-orbit training Experience with other systems indicated difficulties in training with a system months before operating it in space. Developed in cooperation between the Canadians and Russians, the the on-orbit MSS training System for Maintaining and Monitoring Performance (SMP) comprises a small laptop computer and two hand controllers. This allows the resident crew to practice capturing free-flying objects before attempting the real thing. The software was developed by CSA, using Russian expertise of onboard system integration and experience from the Russian TORU system used on Mir. An SMP training system prototype was delivered to the ISS by Progress M-47 in February 2003 and the first person to use it on orbit was cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko, Commander of the ISS-7 crew. In order to prevent deterioration of SSRMS skills, the SMP prototype was used on ISS to train crew members in specific robotic operator tasks until their skills reached a `stable' level. This training will be used as a baseline for comparison with future training sessions. After their last training session, the subjects conducted performance tests at different levels that were designed to assess how their skills had changed and performed `recovery training' to return to the stable level again. A control group of six cosmonauts are performing experiments at TsPK in cooperation with six CSA instructors and engineers. These cosmonauts have all completed MSS training or ISS missions. There has also been an ISS on-orbit test programme planned (stated as ISS-7 to 10 crews), as part of a two-year experiment programme prior to its becoming a qualified and operational programme on the station for free-flying satellite capture. 9 Survival training There have been discussions between the CSA and RSA over the possibility of landing a Soyuz crew on Canadian territory. However, it appears that this has come to nothing, mainly over a question of money, not least the fact that the Canadians would have to pay the Russians for permission to land a Soyuz in their territory. However, in cooperation with Russia and America, a joint emergency landing exercise was conducted in the Gelenndzhik Bay on the Black Sea, during September 2003. The exercise was aimed at coordinating the aviation and naval rescue forces of the three countries to recover a `crew from the ISS' in a simulated water rescue scenario. One of the trio of cosmonauts was evacuated from the emergency splashdown site to a hospital; the second was taken aboard one of the recovery ships to receive medical aid; and the third cosmonaut was immediately returned to the shore. 10 At least one cosmonaut has undergone joint training in the Canadian Arctic under the supervision of the Canadian Armed Service. Dimitriy Kondratyev participated in a programme of Arctic Survival Training with an ESA astronaut, a Canadian astronaut and three NASA astronauts, focusing on psychological training in preparation for coping with higher stress levels encountered during long space station missions and based on NASA experiences during Shuttle-Mir. The concept is based on a winter exercise developed by Canadian armed forces and combines elements of Air Force winter survival training and Canadian Army leader / winter warfare training. The programme begins with three days of `static training' at Valcartier Garrison, Quebec, learning how to use the equipment, perform daily 88 Other national and international facilities routines and learn safety procedures. The fourth day sees the team taken by helicopter out to the field training site for completion of the programme, spending five nights and six days alone and hauling their equipment to each night's campsite. At the completion of the sixth day in the field, the helicopter returns the team back to Valcartier Garrison for debriefing, rest, a welcome shower, medical examinations and a sleep in a proper bed, before departing for Houston for further debriefing. This programme is expected to expand over the coming years and will feature more cosmonauts from Russia in the teams. 11 JAPAN
To support their own participation in the International Space Station, the Japanese space agency, JAXA (formerly NASDA), has created a Space Station Integration and Promotion Centre (SSIPC) at the Tsukuba Space Centre (TKSC), Obaraki prefecture, Japan. Though no formal training of international crews has taken place due to the Japanese elements (primarily the Kibo research module) still awaiting launch, a number of cosmonauts have visited the centre and Japanese astronauts have participated in Soyuz training as part of their ISS preparation programme. Astronauts Furukawa, Hoshide and Yamazaki completed their Soyuz training from July-September 2003 and January-March 2004 to qualify them as Flight Engineers. They completed study courses on various sub-systems such as propulsion, docking, and attitude control, and were also fitted for Sokol suits. There was also centrifuge training and a physical training programme, as well as eight-hour days in two, three- month periods, receiving lectures, conducting simulations and completing verbal tests for each of these systems. 12 Tsukuba Training Centre As well as developing and operating the Kibo element and supporting the experiments performed onboard the facility, the Tsukuba Centre is used to support crew training. This will eventually include some training by Russian cosmonauts. 13 Space Station Test Building includes the Kibo pressurised module trainer, capable of training crew members to handle racks, connections and associated electrics and plumbing. Rack configurations are trained for using the Kibo Experiment Logistics Pressurised Section Trainer (ELM-PS Trainer); control system simulation training is handled by the Kibo Systems Trainer, using the JEM (Japanese Experiment Module) Control Processor (JCP) and System Laptop Terminal (SLT). A Kibo Airlock Trainer is used to train the crew on the mechanisms and controls of experiment support tables and hatches. There are also simulation facilities for the manipulator main arm and small arm systems. Astronaut Training Facility is used to train Japanese national astronaut candidates and includes an isolation chamber, hyperbaric chamber, health care facility, space Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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