Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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October 1968. They were Viktor N. Yeremich, Eduard D. Sukhanov and Valeriy G. Makrushin, who was also made head of the team in 1968. Oleg N. Berkovich was sent to the Medical Commission on 20 May 1969, but later in the year he was medically disqualified. The team within the bureau was formed in July 1970 and was known as the `Special Contingent'. When creating his team, Chelomey included testers to support those selected as cosmonauts. The department was number 42, headed by Yemelyan D. Kamen, whose deputies included Ye. Zhernov, who developed simulators, G.M. Nonesh- nikov, who developed in-flight documentation, and Ye. N. Myslin, who developed a laboratory where cosmonauts would acquire practical skills. Their parachute training was led by L.D. Smirichevskiy and their zero-g training by V.N. Kalemin and A.A. Nuzhnov. One of the main aspects of their training was using the Analogue for real-time simulation, both in manned and unmanned mode. They duplicated the work on board Salyut 3 and 5 using their own engineers. It was ready for use to support the first military Almaz in 1972 and all commands to Salyut 3 were duplicated to the Analogue as well. Volynov and Zholobov learned to repair Salyut 5 while working on this vehicle and Glazkov and Gorbatko worked on the computer repair and worked out how to replenish the air supply on it as well. There was direct contact between crews in orbit and those working in the Analogue simulator, which was based at Reutov. 170 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections
Chelomey's deputy, G.A. Yefremov, referred a number of his engineers to the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems for medical testing. They also worked very closely with the Institute on medical and physical training. Their links were Yuri Senkevich and Anatoliy Ragulin, a professional ice hockey player who coached the bureau's ice hockey team. The selected team The cosmonauts were selected in three groups and completed their basic training with civilian colleagues from IMBP and Energiya. The first formal selection was on 22 March 1972, when Valeriy Makrushin was selected, but Sukhanov was not and was removed from the team. The second selection ± Dimitriy Yuyukov ± was made on 27 March 1973. Internally, the department was expanded in 1976 to take future expectations into account. The last selection, of four more engineers, was made on 1 December 1978. They were Vladimir Gevorkyan, Aleksey Grechanik, Valeriy Romanov, and Valeriy Khatulev. Khatulev left the team very soon after because he seems to have not turned up for training. He did not wish to leave design work and concentrated instead on a small satellite programme. Further selections were planned and to that end, four candidates passed the Medical Commission between 1979 and 1981 and joined Department 42. They were Anatoliy Chekh, Boris Morozov, Sergey Chelomey and Sergey Chuchin. It was intended that two more would be put forward (Sergey Kondratyev and Lev Tararin), but delays in manned flights and the KGB taking six months to process their documents meant that there was no further expansion. Sergey Chelomey was the son of the chief designer. He passed the Medical Commission but was never called by the GMVK so was never a real cosmonaut candidate. He died on 6 March 1999. The cosmonauts underwent a full course of basic training, including parachute jumping at air clubs in the Moscow region, learning to pilot light aircraft (including a YAK 18a), and sea training in the Black Sea. Their training also included a four-day survival exercise in 1982 in the Tyan-Shan Mountains at a height of 4052 metres. They were led by Senkevich and Rukavishnikov. Flight opportunities for the Almaz engineers were always going to be restricted, as they were confined to those flights involving military Salyuts. When Almaz started flying (in 1974 as Salyut 3, and then two years later as Salyut 5), it was decided to use the Soyuz as the ferry craft. At this time they were flying the two-person configuration following the disaster of Soyuz 11, so each was crewed by an all-Air Force commander and engineer. Another factor was the political intrigue of the leading bureaus. TKS crews In 1979, three crews were formed within TsPK. These crews underwent training in the TKS-VA simulator at TsPK, studied the design of the Soyuz return capsule at NPO Energiya, and took part in the State Interdepartmental Tests of the TKS-VA flight programme aboard the Analogue in Chkalovskiy. The training lasted three years, as plans to launch a new generation military Salyut were prepared. Each crew The cosmonaut group of Mashinostroyeniya 171 The welcome of a crew having completed an 8-day test in an Almaz simulator. (from left). Valeriy Romanov (OKB-52), Gennadiy Sarafanov, Maj.-General Aleksey Leonov (training manager) and Vladimir Preobrazhenskiy (Air Force engineer) would include a flown Air Force officer from the Almaz programme and a number of crews were finalised and approved in late 1979: 1. Glazkov (FE) and Stepanov (CDR) with V.G. Makrushin 2. Sarafanov (CDR) and Preobrazhenskiy (FE) with V.A. Romanov 3. Artyukhin (FE) and Berezovoy (CDR) with D.A. Yuyukov. 4. Vasyutin (CDR) and Rozhdestvenskiy (FE) with A.A. Grechanik as the reserve crew.
Crew 2 completed an eight-day simulation on 20 November 1979, which constituted the State Interagency Test. Leonov was also present when they exited the station mock-up. The test was located at Chkalovskiy and no pictures of the mock-up have been released, reflecting the still-secret nature of this programme. The flight of the TKS complex occurred under the designation of Kosmos 1267 on 25 April 1981. Sergey Chelomey did take part in the launch preparations of Cosmos 1267 in late April 1981, boarding the TKS vehicle to perform communications tests while it was being prepared for launch on top of a Proton. The mission was repeated on 2 March 1983 as Kosmos 1443. By the early 1980s, it was clear that there were going to be no further dedicated manned military stations. Chekh left the team in 1983 to work on cruise missiles and Chelomey left soon after. In 1984, the remaining cosmonauts spent eight days in a 172 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections
simulation of hyperkinesis tests of weightlessness by lying down with their bodies slightly inclined, but by late 1984 training was being curtailed. The Almaz craft that would have been designated `Salyut 7' ± with two docking ports which could have accommodated two TKS Proton-launched vehicles ± remains at Reutov. The TKS, which by all accounts was a superb craft, was destined never to fly. Almaz T flew in unmanned mode on an Earth resources flight in 1986. The group was disbanded on 8 April 1987. There was no formal moment, but it just became clear that training had ceased and that the assignment was over. Five of the group were still active at the point of cancellation and many of them remained as staff members of the design bureau, working on rocket and satellite technology. 16 Means and measures to train crews and ensure their work during a space flight The following report was prepared by Cosmonaut Valeriy A. Romanov and published in Russia. It lists the training expectations on the civilian cosmonauts selected by the Mashinostroyeniya team. It could equally apply to civilian space station training: The training of crews for space flights on the Almaz space complex was carried out in the following main directions: Medical and physical training of the organism to make sure it can withstand space conditions. [This was done at] the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems of the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR (IMBP MZ) according to programmes approved by the Ministry of Public Health. These included . training of the vestibular apparatus on turning chairs and on swings . the adaptation of the body to various loads (up to 10-g), reproduced on centrifuges . the adaptation of the body to abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure and temperature in thermal altitude chambers . physical training in the mountains (at medium altitude) . adaptation of the body to zero-g in vacuum [chambers], water tanks and by maintaining the body in a negative angle (±88) for a certain time (feet higher than the head) . experimental training in isolation chambers and [survival] training in the Taiga and the desert to determine psychological readiness and compatibility . learning how to use rescue devices and survival equipment in case of emergency landings in the water, in the mountains, the Taiga etc. . first aid training [on dummies and persons] Special technical training at and according to programmes of TsPK, NPO Mashinostroyeniya, NPO Zvezda and the enterprises of the Ministry of Defence mainly included: working out the crew's activities: . in conditions of zero-g on flying laboratories (TU-104, IL-76), in the water tank (control, moving gear and [injured persons], spacewalks, assembly work in space) The cosmonaut group of Mashinostroyeniya 173
. after landing of the return capsule on water (undulation of 3) . in case of the need to transport the return capsule by helicopter . in simulators, mimicking the flight programme and non-standard situations, including docking and undocking . on Analogues of the Almaz complex on the basis of flight documentation and flight programmes during all stages of a mission . on flight-rated vehicles of the Almaz complex on the basis of flight documentation in simulation mode . during entry and [emergency] evacuation at the launch pad . during installation of cargos delivered to the station or to be returned to Earth .
devices and radio equipment . with individual protective gear (pressure suits, EVA suits) . with the Mission Control Centre aircraft and parachute training: . studying the night sky and performing astrophysical measurements, both from the ground and from a flying laboratory . studying the theoretical foundations of space flight (astronomy, navigation, dynamics, ballistics, communications etc.) . studying the systems and equipment of the Almaz complex, flight documentation and ways of controlling the systems and the equipment Flight control is carried out by the Chief Operations and Control Group (GOGU) from the Mission Control Centre (TsUP). The divisions of the GOGU carry out the following tasks to support the crew: . planning the crew's activities four days in advance, refining [the plan] day by day . planning the crew's activities and the radio exchanges, ensuring that the crew carries out the planned work . planning radio exchanges for the present orbit . compiling radiograms . maintaining radio communications with the crew . analysing the crew's activities, their work capacity and also their medical and psychological condition On the basis of the conclusions of the operational analysis groups, the specialists of NPO Mashinostroyeniya and the back-up crew members, simulating standard and non-standard situations on the Analogue, the GOGU makes recommenda- tions about the crew's activities aboard the Almaz complex. Signed by Romanov, 13.08.1999 Training schedule of the group This group's training highlights have been published as part of their official 174 Other Soviet and Russian cosmonaut selections
biographies and it can be related to the tasks outlined in the previous document written by Romanov: These items have been taken from the biographies of cosmonauts Makrushin, Yuyukov and Romanov. 1972:
They underwent astronomical training at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. During the next few years when missions to Salyut 3 and 5 flew, there were crews operating in the ground-based Analogue doing a real-time simulation of space-based crew activities. A number of this team's cosmonauts and engineers operated this training. There also is some evidence that the Analogue was used to support the Salyut 2 mission. Although this failed in orbit, the missions were run through based on plans. 1975: Between 17 June and 25 July, they undertook parachute training at the Air Club of DOSAAF in the town of Serkhupov 1976:
In April they took part in VA No 0010/1 Aircraft drop tests. In September and October, the group took part in testing Sokol, Sokol KV and Orlan D spacesuits. 1978:
From 19 January to 8 Feburary, there was training in a mock-up of the OPS Almaz in conditions of weightlessness in the flying laboratory, Tu 104LL. During April-June, they underwent water zero-g tests in the Black Sea, performing assembly operations in depths of 10 to 15 metres. From 2±20 October, they conducted theoretical training related to the TKS transport supply, in order to carry out ground-based tests at the Chkalovskiy Air Base. 1979:
The group of cosmonaut testers continued its medical and physical training at IMBP. A lot of attention was paid to special technical training, which included: working out ways of working in spacesuits working out ways for the crew to deal with a splashdown working out ways for the crew to deal with a non-standard landing of the VA studying and perfecting flight documentation EVA training at the underwater tank at TsPK From 20±28 November, they undertook State Department tests of the TKS and the VA crew test aboard the Analogue of the TKS at the Chkalovskiy Air Base. 1979± The crews performed direct flight training in the simulators of TsPK and 1982:
studied the design of the Soyuz descent capsule at NPO Energiya. In August 1982, as part of their survival training, they carried out a four-day trek through the AK-SUU mountain pass in the Tyan-Shan mountain range at an altitude of 4052 m. This was under the leadership of Yuriy Senkevich of The cosmonaut group of Mashinostroyeniya 175
IMBP, a former cosmonaut candidate who hosted the popular television series Travellers' Club and is world famous for having taken part in the expeditions of Thor Heyerdahl. Also part of the group was veteran cosmonaut Nikolay Rukavishnikov. 1984: The cosmonauts took part in eight-day training sessions at IMBP to simulate weightlessness, spending all that time lying down with their bodies slightly inclined (the feet eight degrees higher than the head). However, special training for a manned flight on the TKS and VA began to be curtailed. In the autumn of 1984, Vladimir Chelomey convened the leaders of the firm and the cosmonauts and ordered them to continue their training, hoping that his spacecraft would eventually also fly in piloted mode. However, Chelomey died on 8 December 1984. OTHER COSMONAUT SELECTIONS 1964±2005 One of the features of cosmonaut selection was the inclusion of candidates who were brought together or identified as potential `flyers' due to mission requirements, political reasons or design bureau politics. They usually only trained for short periods and for a single mission. They were not formally attached to an organisation that had permission to assemble a team, but for administrative and training purposes, many were in the establishment of the training centre. 1964: The selection for Voskhod 1 In May 1964, when it was agreed to fly the Voskhod 1 craft with three cosmonauts, only one would be an Air Force pilot and a number of candidates from other disciplines were considered. Four were doctors from various bureaus and organisations (Yegorov, Sorokin, Lazarev and B. Polyakov ± see section on IMBP cosmonaut selection page 163); one was a senior engineer from OKB-1 (Konstantin Feoktistov ± see section on Energiya cosmonaut selection page 147); and one was a scientist from the Academy of Sciences (Katys ± see section on Academy of Sciences selection page 162) The seventh person was Engineer-Colonel Vladimir Benderov, who was a test pilot for the Tupolev design bureau. He passed the Mandate Commission on 1 June 1964 but stood down on 2 July. Benderov was recommended to Kamanin by a senior Air Force colleague in February 1964. It is not clear why he was included and in what role he was being considered, but it is assumed he was a potential commander. This may have reflected concerns about the lack of experience within the first Air Force selection. Benderov was promoted to the rank of Major- General in 1971 and was later killed in the Tupolev 144 crash at the Paris Air Show on 3 June 1973. He is buried in central Moscow with other members of the crew. His involvement in the space programme only became known many years after his death. 17
1965: The Journalists for Voskhod missions Some senior officials, particularly Korolyov, felt that there would be a benefit in flying a journalist, who could write about the wonders of space travel and report first hand about what they saw and felt. Korolyov had been disappointed with the way cosmonauts and astronauts had been unable to describe their experiences. This did throw up one interesting dilemma, however, which was that early space travel and the identities of many of those involved were state secrets, and it is not clear what would have happened if a journalist had flown in that era. In 1964, Korolyov asked three journalists to undertake medical screening for a possible mission on the Voskhod space ship. In a book called `Seven days in the life of Korolyov', Yaroslav Golovanov, one of the candidates, wrote: `Once in early 1965, Korolyov offered me (a chance) to fly into space. Only then did I find out that he had wanted for a long time to send a journalist into space. I went for a physical along with Yuri Letunov.' To their amazement, they passed, and their acceptance was signed by Korolyov, but when he died in January 1966, the idea died with him. Given the ambitious plans for the Voskhod programme it cannot be discounted that, if Korolyov had lived, his idea might have led to a flight for one of the candidates. Letunov was a radio journalist who had worked at Baykonur and later, was the chief editor of the `Vremia' news programme. He died in 1983. Golovanov, who was a famous writer on space for a number of newspapers, including the Komsomolskaya Pravda, and author of a number of books including a major biography on Korolyov, died on 21 May 2001. 18 Another possible candidate at this time was Colonel Mikhail Rebrov, who was the journalist for the military newspaper Red Star. He had covered the space programme and continued to do so until his death on 24 April 1998. He was also the author of many books about the cosmonauts. 1968: Paton Institute candidates for the welding experiment In 1968, it was decided to fly an experiment to use a welding device in the Orbital Module on a solo Soyuz flight because it was felt that welding would be a technique that would be used in the construction of large space stations. This experiment was developed by the Paton Institute in Kiev. One member of the bureau was entered into the team to work on this mission as a candidate to operate the system in orbit. He was Vladimir Fartushniy, an engineer, who passed GMVK on 24 May 1968. He completed his basic training with Yazdovskiy and Patsayev and was assigned to the mission with Shonin and Kubasov. It was scheduled for mid-1969 but slipped back and in the end, he did not fly, going on instead to work on a possible Soyuz Kontakt mission. He left the team in the middle of 1971 when he failed a medical due to a car crash. There have been other experiments using welding in space, all developed by the Paton Institute and used on Russian stations. 1983: Additional doctor assigned to a Salyut 7 mission On 9 March 1983, Oleg Atkov passed the Medical Commission and was assigned to the team, in part to serve as a doctor in orbit for when they flew Feoktistov on a long duration flight to test the effects of long-term weightlessness on an elderly person. Other cosmonaut selections 1964±2005 177
Atkov was a cardiologist based at the Institute of Clinical Cardiology of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences. Feoktistov failed a medical and his mission was cancelled, but Atkov was reassigned on 1 September 1983 as cosmonaut researcher on the Soyuz T 10 mission with Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov. His back-up was Valeriy Polyakov from the IMBP group. Atkov flew the mission, which was launched on 8 February 1984 and lasted 237 days, during which he operated the `Argument' system that had been installed on the station at launch. He left the cosmonaut team in December 1984, returning to work at his institute. Atkov was the Soviet Union's first real payload researcher, being selected for a mission and leaving soon after completing his assignment. 19 1989: The journalist in space In 1989, GlavKosmos signed an agreement with a Japanese TV station to fly a reporter on a visiting mission to the Mir station. This produced a backlash from the Russian press, demanding to know why the Soviet Union was going to fly a foreign journalist before a Russian one. The campaign in the press was very high profile and the USSR Journalists Union created a space commission to offer a short-list of possible Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
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