Russia's Cosmonauts Inside the Yuri Gagarin Training Center
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mission and was an experienced aviation doctor and pilot. This came on 17 January
1966, under order of the Air Force number 037 and Lazarev was attached to the 1963 selection for training and administration. During the year, a number of cosmonaut candidates withdrew from the team due to medical and political issues, but the Air Force still had ambitious plans for manned space flight and in 1967, Kamanin called up twelve more pilots and engineers to form the fourth Air Force selection. Seven of these had been candidates for the 1965 selection and had just missed out, so they were not re-interviewed. They had been told to wait for a future call. The selection process started on 28 February 1967 and the intention was to select twenty candidates. Due to various errors, only thirteen were selected and when the order was signed, only twelve were included. They were Senior Lieutenants Valeriy Beloborodov, Vladimir Kovolyonok, Vladimir Kozelskiy, Vladimir Lyakhov, Yuri Malyshev and Viktor Pisarev (all pilots), and Engineer-Majors Vladimir Alekseyev, Mikhail Burdayev and Nikolay Porvatkin, Engineer-Captains Sergey Gaydukov and Mikhail Sologub, and Senior Engineer-Lieutenant Vladimir Isakov (all engineers). Their transfer came under order of the Air Force number 0282, dated 12 April 1967, for Alekseyev, Burdayev and Porvatkin, who left an Air Force research institute, and under order number 0369, dated 7 May 1967, for the rest of the group. They arrived at Star City soon after the death of Komarov on board Soyuz 1 and there was a very despondent feel to the town. Much of the ambition shown throughout the early 1960s had now gone, in part due to the delays in missions, the death of Korolyov a year before, and the problems inherent in developing new technology. One feature of this selection was the inclusion of three military scientists from the Science Research Institute for Air Defence Forces, because it was anticipated that there would be a need for complex, in-depth experiments for the military use of space. Alekseyev, Burdayev and Porvatkin all became involved in the Soyuz VI and Almaz programmes, but their skills were never called upon in space. In late July and in September 1967, Kamanin's diaries mention two planning documents which reflected future plans and manning levels with the cosmonaut team and the training centre. The first dealt with the training of civilian cosmonauts and two phases of training were planned; the first phase at MOM institutes and Minzorar, and the second at TsPK and the VVS (Air Force). In addition, fifty new Air Force pilots were identified for space duty in three groups in 1968, 1969, and 1970. They would be ready for the planned large number of 7K-VI and Almaz flights beginning in 1972. Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev also wanted to see more Voskhod flights. The second document dealt with the General Staff's space plans, which were impressive. In 1968±1975, they foresaw no less than twenty Almaz space stations, fifty military 7K-VI missions, 200 Soyuz training spacecraft flights and 400 Soyuz space transport flights. This was based on the assumption that the crew of the military space stations would be rotated every fifteen days. That would require 48 transport spacecraft per year, implying not less than thirty ready crews, with three cosmonauts in each crew (this in turn implied that each cosmonaut would fly 1.5 space missions per year). Since supplies would have to be delivered to the stations, Medical selection of cosmonauts 133 that would require another 200 additional transport spacecraft launches. On top of all this was potential for civilian Soyuz flights, L-1, L-3, and various other civilian spacecraft ± implying a total of 1,000 launches in the period. This would require 800 Soyuz-class launch vehicles, 100 Protons, and 10 to 12 N1 boosters. The inevitable conclusion for Kamanin was that most of the transport launches should be made by a reusable winged spacecraft, air-launched from an An-22 heavy transport, which was the goal of the Spiral project. Based on these plans, Kamanin foresaw a requirement for 400 active cosmonauts, organised in two to three aerospace brigades, supported by ten aviation regiments and including the TsPK training centre ± altogether about 20,000 to 25,000 personnel by 1975. The cost of building new aerodromes and facilities alone would be 250 million roubles, all chargeable to the VVS, and the total cost would be expected to run into tens of billions of roubles per year. 12 On 27 March 1967, the Central Committee and the Council of Ministers adopted a resolution to end the Air Force monopoly on training cosmonauts. This resolution set up the formal basis for the civilian organisations to set up their own teams and four took advantage of this decree, although Kamanin viewed this decision as a mistake. The first groups of civilians were formed on 22 May by the Academy of Sciences and on 27 May by the TsKBEM bureau. Final crew training would still occur at the training centre, but much of their basic work would be done in-house. 13 In December 1967, the 1965 group took their examinations, but several failed and were removed from the team. Of the eighteen in the group, thirteen scored a '5', four scored '4' and one scored '3'. Belousov, Grishchenko, Skvortsov, Sharafutdinov, and Voloshin ± the low scorers ± were all dismissed from the cosmonaut corps. Sharafutdinov also had medical problems and was excluded for failing a medical. This, in part, hid problems that were part of the vetting process for cosmonauts. All cosmonauts were vetted by the KGB and some certainly suffered because of their political beliefs, or for criticising the system (which Kamanin was doing using the privacy of his diaries). In fact, Voloshin was not removed and instead received a command assignment, but Grishchenko lost his status because his grandfather lived in the West, Kugno was removed because he would not join the Communist Party, and Belousov's father-in-law had been a translator for the Germans and had served three years in jail. He had his supporters due to his considerable skills, but soon after selection, the KGB withdrew their support. Volynov, one of the 1960 group, had also had his selection to a mission delayed, because his mother was Jewish. 14 The influence of the authorities on the cosmonauts was best illustrated by the fate of one of the 1963 candidates, Eduard Kugno. In his diaries, Kamanin wrote, `He is ideologically and morally unstable. Answering a question from the Deputy Head of Political Affairs about why he had not joined the Party, he (Kugno) said. `I will not join this party of swindlers and lickspittles.' It is unpleasant to hear such things from any Soviet citizen, but from the mouth of a cosmonaut candidate, these words sound like a verdict.' Kugno was dismissed after a year in the team. 15 134 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK COMMAND STRUCTURE REVISED In September 1960, members of the first selection who had not attained a higher degree were enrolled in the Zhukovskiy Higher Engineering Academy. They completed a correspondence course and were joined by some of the female group a year later. Gagarin, G. Titov, Nikolayev, Leonov, Popovich, Bykovskiy, Khrunov, Gorbatko, Zaikin, Volynov, and Shonin all received their diplomas in early 1968 and Khrunov graduated with honours. Ponomaryova and Solovyova graduated in the second half of 1968, leaving only Tereshkova, Kuznetsova, and Yerkina, who completed their courses in 1969. Soon after gaining this qualification, however, Gagarin was killed in an air crash and his death had a major effect on the Air Force cosmonauts. They lost a leader and someone they all admired. His influence seems to be everywhere, even today, in the approach taken by the command structure of the Air Force and beyond. Since his space flight, he had been protected from harm and forbidden from flying, parachute jumping and other dangerous activities. He did a lot of public relations work until 1963, when he was made Deputy Commander of the training centre. He was returned to flight status in 1966. Gagarin did have problems adjusting to the fame, as did Titov, and there are lots of stories regarding his behaviour. But he was clearly marked for a senior command position in the development of the training centre. In the early part of 1968, the cosmonauts were organised into three detachments: Nikolayev was in command of the first detachment, which was training for L-3, L-1, and Soyuz flights and it was anticipated that eighteen cosmonauts would be assigned to these missions. Popovich was in command of the second detachment, which was training for Almaz and 7K-VI military space missions. The third detachment was commanded by Nikolay Nikeryasov. This was the 'observer' detachment, consisting mainly of new cosmonauts undergoing basic training. On 3 July 1968, these assignments were amended as the positions of Chiefs of the Cosmonaut Detachments were confirmed and announced. Nikolayev became Deputy Chief of TsPK, replacing Gagarin, with Bykovskiy taking over as Commander of the First Detachment of Cosmonauts. Titov took command of the Second Detachment, with Popovich as his Deputy. According to Kamanin, there were some who were not pleased with these appointments. The General Staff also approved the creation of a fourth training detachment at TsPK, charged with flight, engineering, and experiment development and requiring an additional 200 staff. On 13 December 1968, Kamanin reviewed the organisational structure of the NII- TsPK Gagarin Centre. There was a commander, three deputies, 700 staff, and twelve MiG 21s for flight training (eight single-seat combat aircraft and four two-seat trainers). The three training streams for the cosmonauts were also still in place (orbital, lunar, and military), reflecting the plans within the system for human space flight. Leonov's L-1 group would complete their training on 20 January 1969 and Kamanin hoped that they would fly a lunar mission a couple of months later. In January 1970, Belyayev died after a botched operation. This was a blow following the other untimely deaths of Gagarin and Komarov, but the 1970 selection process started on 17 February with 400 candidates, of which 154 were sent to Command structure revised 135
Moscow for screening. Only 21 passed the medicals and were declared fit enough for the final screening, when they had hoped to appoint up to 30. Kamanin noted that only nine of the sixteen cosmonaut candidates that eventually completed the arduous selection process were cleared by the KGB and Communist Party for acceptance for cosmonaut training. He felt this made the whole time-consuming selection process a waste of time, particularly as the VVS was reluctant to submit officers as cosmonaut candidates, fearing that if they failed the vestibular table tests, they would not only be rejected as cosmonauts, but would be unable to return to flight duty with the Air Force. The result was a final selection that Kamanin considered to be `dullards, who are not intellectual, or literary, or sports enthusiasts; who are poor readers and not really interested in space flight or cosmonautics.' 16 The new selections joined the team under order of the Air Force number 0505, dated 27 April 1970. The selection consisted of Captains Anatoliy Berezovoy and Vladimir Dzhanibekov, Senior Lieutenants Anatoliy Dedkov, Yuri Isaulov and Yuri Romanenko, and Lieutenants Vladimir Kozlov and Leonid Popov (all pilots). The two engineers were Engineer-Captain Valeriy Illarionov, who was a member of the Air Force, and Senior Engineer-Lieutenant Nikolay Fefelov, who was transferred from the Rocket Forces. Kamanin reviewed plans for the Gagarin Centre on 6 June 1970. Within ten years, scientific institutes, housing, and training facilities would have been erected to The 1970 Air Force selection formal portrait. (front row) Dzhanibekov, Romanenko, Popov, Kozlov, Isaulov, Illarionov and Fefelov. (back row) Berezovoy and Dedkov. This is a very unusual shot, as this was the first time a complete selection group had posed for a group picture 136 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK
support 500 cosmonauts and Kamanin noted that the five-year plan ending in 1971 called for 140 cosmonauts to be in training. Instead, TsPK had 47 active cosmonauts plus the nine candidates, for which he blamed the low launch rate and the failure of industry to deliver enough spacecraft. In September 1970, training for space station flights (which would become the norm in future decades) was taking shape, with twelve cosmonauts working on the civilian DOS station programme and 22 working on the military Almaz programme under the command of Popovich. Bykovskiy was still working on lunar missions and the 1970 group was still involved in basic training under the command of Volynov. But all these plans and training schedules were disrupted and put on hold with the death of the Soyuz 11 crew. This led to a two-year break in human flights and also heralded a number of changes in the command structure of the Air Force cosmonauts and the training centre itself. The first major change was the retirement of Kamanin as head of cosmonaut training and his replacement by Shatalov. This was partly due to having a less than positive relationship with the new head of the Air Force, Pavel Kutakhov. Kutakhov was not interested in space and Kamanin had tried to recommend his deputy, Leonid Goreglyad, to take up the post, but he was overruled. This change was soon followed by Kuznetsov retiring as Commander of Star City and he was replaced by Beregovoy, with Nikolayev named as his deputy. They had been made Generals and were also Heroes of the Soviet Union, so for the first time, all the key jobs were occupied by cosmonauts. This coincided with the development of facilities in the training centre, with new training halls and simulators. The 1976 Air Force group during a class session. (front row) Vasyutin, Ivanov, Kadenyuk, A. Volkov, Moskalenko and V. Titov. (back row) Saley, Protchenko and A. Solovyov Command structure revised 137
New pilots and a new direction There was a gap of two years (from 1971 to September 1973) before another Soviet manned craft flew and there was no real need for more cosmonauts in the team. But in late 1975, they decided to recruit a sixth group of pilots. This selection was made with the Buran Space Shuttle in mind and nine pilots were assigned to the centre on 23 August 1976, under Air Force order 0666. They were Captains Aleksandr Volkov, Leonid Ivanov, Leonid Kadenyuk, Nikolay Moskalenko, Sergey Protchenko, Vladimir Titov, and Yevgeniy Saley, and Senior Lieutenants Anatoliy Solovyov and Vladimir Vasyutin. All were immediately assigned to the Chkalovskiy Test Pilot School at Akhtubinsk for their first year of training, reflecting their need to be test pilots in order to fly the Buran programme. This group did not report to Star City until late 1977 to start their basic training and in 1978 they were joined by two more candidates, Captains Aleksandr Viktorenko and Nikolay Grekov. They were the seventh Air Force group, formed by order of the Air Force number 0374, dated 25 May, and the members of both of these groups were all older than their predecessors. Viktorenko and Grekov also went for test pilot training, graduating in May 1979 before starting basic training. In the summer of 1979, Vasyutin and Titov left the test pilot programme and reported to Star City for Almaz training and Protchenko left due to medical reasons, although he remained a test pilot for the Ministry of Radio Industry. The remainder of the group stayed in Akhtubinsk to improve their flying skills, but Ivanov was killed in an air crash while testing a MiG 23 at Akhtubinsk on 24 October 1980. He is buried at Star City. The remaining trainees commuted between the two locations as their training demanded. They would be the last Air Force candidates for eight years. Forced retirements On 26 January 1982, an order was signed which removed a large number of experienced cosmonauts from the team, although a number stayed on in command positions. Those removed included Bykovskiy, Leonov, Nikolayev, Popovich, Artyukhin, Demin, Filipchenko and Glazkov. Isaulov also left due to medical problems. He had been training for a long duration mission on Salyut 7, having been considered for other missions previously. This dismissal order was followed up in 1983 with one that affected the unflown cosmonauts. In 1983, it was realised that many of the active cosmonauts had little chance of flying in space following the cancellation of a variety of programmes. On 20 April, a number of pilots and engineers were stood down, including Kolodin who, having received a number of prime assignments, had been very unlucky in having the missions cancelled. Alekseyev, Burdayev, Isakov, Kozelskiy, Porvatkin and Dedkov also left, but the ranks of the Air Force team were enhanced when four more of the 1976 selection (Anatoliy Solovyov, Moskalenko, Saley and Aleksandr Volkov) reported full time for Soyuz training. On 22 March Leonid Kadenyuk, a member of the 1976 selection, had left due to his pending divorce, but he continued test flying at Akhtubinsk. In 1988, he joined the team from GKNII VVS, who were training to fly the Buran. He left that programme in 1996 when the training was curtailed and moved to the Ukraine, where he had been born, taking out Ukrainian nationality. He then became the prime candidate for the Ukrainian mission on board the Space 138 The Cosmonaut Group of the RGNII TsPK
Shuttle and flew as a Mission Specialist on STS-87 in November 1987. He was the only member of the team to fly for one of the new Republics following the break up of the Soviet Union. Two other Russian cosmonauts have been claimed as one of their citizens in space by other Republics, due to their ethnicity. Talgat Musabayev, who is a Kazakh, and Salizhan Sharipov, who was born in Kyrgystan, have received Hero's stars and pilot cosmonaut awards from these now independent countries. By the time the next selection came about, a new criterion for selection was place. Candidates had to be over 30, but those with test pilot training could be over 35 years old. This led to two groups arriving at the same time, and they also went through a different selection procedure, going before the Mandate or State Commission. In 1987, five more pilots were assigned to the programme, having gone before the Mandate Commission on 26 March 1987. Two of these pilots were much older than the others, Lt-Colonels Vasiliy Tsibliyev and Valeriy Korzun, who were transferred to the team by order number 0622 on 23 July 1987. The three younger pilots were Captains Yuri Malenchenko, Yuri Gidzenko and Vladimir Dezhurov, who were transferred by order 0948 on 6 October 1987. These five made up the eighth Air Force selection, but prior to this group, three test pilots were recruited for the Buran programme in 1985. They were very experienced Air Force test pilots, Colonel Viktor Afanasyev and Lt-Colonels Gennadiy Manakov and Anatoliy Artsebarskiy, who had gone before the Mandate Commission on 2 September 1985. When they completed their basic training, instead of joining the Buran test programme, they were reassigned by an order dated 8 January 1988 to the training centre for Soyuz T training and became the ninth Air Force selection. At the same time, a number of the Air Force Shuttle selections, including Ivan Bachurin and Aleksey Boroday, were asked if they wanted to join the group at Star City. They refused, even though they had done some Soyuz T training. In 1989, having already gone before the State Commission, three cosmonauts, Yuri Onufriyenko, Gennadiy Padalka and Sergey Krichevskiy, were assigned to the team by order number 0275 on 22 April. Three more candidates, Sergey Zalyotin, Salizhan Sharipov and Sergey Vozovikov, joined the team on 8 August 1990 by order 01142. Vozovikov was subsequently killed in an accident on 11 July 1993, while undertaking sea survival training at Anapa on the Black Sea near the Crimea. Talgat Musabayev, who was originally selected as part of an agreement to fly a Kazakh national, was a civilian airline pilot who was transferred to the Air Force group on 6 March 1991. He became the twelfth Air Force selection, but had been working at the centre since 21 January 1991. Russian cosmonauts selected Further expansion of the team occurred when Oleg Kotov, an Air Force doctor, was added to the team on 7 June 1996 by order number 0365. Valeriy Tokarev, who had been an Air Force shuttle test pilot, had expressed the desire to transfer to the Air Force team when the Buran programme closed in 1995. The State Commission agreed this move on 25 July and he joined the team on 16 September 1997. He was a very talented and experienced pilot who was given this opportunity when it became clear that the Buran programme would be cancelled. Command structure revised 139
The 1997 group of pilots and engineers graduating after completing their OKP training. (back row) Kondratyev, Valkov, S. Volkov, Korniyenko, Skripochka, Moshchenko and Yurchikhin. (front row) Lonchakov, Skvortsov, Surayev and R. Romanenko In May 1996, permission was given to recruit a new group of pilots. Five were to be selected and medical screening started in October. There were 77 short-listed candidates, with 55 of them taking medicals. The new group was selected in 1997 and in fact, there were eight, plus Tokarev, who were all pilots and joined the team over several months. Major Aleksandr Skvortsov, the son of a 1965 candidate, joined the group on 20 June 1997 under order 0635. He was followed by Senior Download 3.5 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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