Samarkand state institute of foreign languages faculty of english philology and translation studies the chair of translation theory and practise

CHAPTER I. GENARAL INFORMATION ABOUT BERNARD SHAW
1.1. The biography Bernard Shaw
Bernard Shaw, an Irish dramatist, was a celebrated writer who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature and the Academy Award for Screenwriting. Throughout his long career, he was known exclusively as "Bernard Shaw" and not by his first name "George". Although some argue that he is the most staged playwright since William Shakespeare, it is indisputable that Shaw is a significant and influential figure in English language drama. He was heavily influenced by modern dramatists such as Ibsen and introduced a new, realistic style of drama to the English theatre. Shaw's plays, unlike those of his contemporaries, feature his unique wry sense of humor and belief in a higher morality. Despite dwelling on shocking and often gloomy themes, Shaw's work is marked by hope and optimism, making him the only major playwright of his generation who did not succumb to pessimism and despair in the face of the horrors of the first half of the 20th century. His plays are both entertaining and enduring, and are widely regarded as some of the most moving dramas ever written in the English language [7, 92]
Throughout his life, Shaw was a committed socialist who criticized the commercialism of capitalism and believed that socialism could cure its excesses. He also criticized human hypocrisy in religion, but failed to recognize the potential for hypocrisy and corruption in socialism, which ultimately undermined the movement.
Shaw was born in Dublin, Ireland to impoverished parents who belonged to the Church of Ireland. He received his education from Wesley College in Dublin and later moved to London in the 1870s to embark on his literary career. Although he authored five novels before his first successful stint as a music critic for the Star, none of them were published. His musical critiques were published under the pen name "Corno di Bassetto" [7, 92]

In 1892, Shaw finished his debut play, Widows' Houses. The play was inspired by Henrik Ibsen's production of All A Doll's House in London in 1890 and exhibits various features of Ibsen's style, such as straightforward dialogue, a realistic plot, and a controversial theme. However, Shaw infused a lasting note of ironic hilarity into the play's potentially tragic content, which concerns a young man who falls in love with a wealthy man's daughter and discovers that the latter's wealth is derived from exploiting the poor. Although not as accomplished as his later masterpieces, Widows' Houses and its immediate successor, Mrs. Warren's Career (which is about a woman who realizes that her mother had worked as a prostitute), still delight audiences today. Many of his early works had to wait years to receive major productions in London, although they were appreciated by fans on the European continent [3, 68]

Shaw referred to The Widows' Houses and Mrs. Warren's Profession as his "unpleasant plays" because they forced the audience to confront the unsavory aspects of London life. He followed them up with four "pleasant" plays: The Arms and the Man (1894), Candida (1897), The Man of Destiny (1898), and You Never Can Tell (1899). The most famous of these was the Balkan drama satire, Arms and the Man, which ridiculed the beliefs of its era, especially the over-idealization of passionate love and glorious war.
Shaw's initial financial triumph as a playwright came in 1897 with Richard Mansfield's staging of The Devil's Disciple in America. However, his most important play was Caesar and Cleopatra, which premiered in 1901. A contemporary adaptation of Shakespeare's masterpiece Antony and Cleopatra, the play deals with the same themes as the classic tragedy but with a twist: in Shaw's version, Caesar has aged significantly, and Cleopatra is a rash 16-year-old girl. Unlike any previous artistic portrayal, Shaw.
Following the performance of John Bull's Irish comedy (1904) at court, Shaw achieved significant success in his home country of Britain. King Edward VII's laughter was so intense during the performance that he broke his chair. In 1907, Shaw wrote and produced Major Barbara, which is considered his most controversial play due to its scathing criticism of Christianity and the Salvation Army. The play centers around Andrew Undershaft, a wealthy business tycoon who made his fortune through weapons manufacturing. As he nears the end of his life, Undershaft reconnects with his estranged wife and their three children, Charles, Susan, and Barbara. Barbara reveals that she is a major in the Salvation Army, while Undershaft, who was raised in a Salvation Army shelter as a child, is impressed by his daughter's success and moral sense. He asks her to be his heir, but Barbara despises her father's business, deeming it immoral. To show her the dark side of "Christian charity," [5, 47] Undershaft offers a large donation to the Salvation Army, despite the source of Barbara's boss. Frustrated by the Salvation Army's hypocrisy, Barbara tearfully quits her position at the shelter to help her father and husband at the munitions factory. The socialist subtext that Shaw has infused into Major Barbara makes its haunting themes particularly noteworthy. Shaw was an ardent socialist who abhorred capitalism and saw it as corrupting. He conveyed socialist ideals through many of his plays, but nowhere was it more explicit than in Major Barbara, where even Christian charity is not immune to the greed of capitalist society.
By the 1910s, Shaw had established himself as a playwright, with new productions such as Fanny's First Play (1911) and Pygmalion (1913), which was adapted into the successful musical and film My Fair Lady, enjoying extended runs before large London audiences.
Shaw opposed the First World War and gained popularity among many of his countrymen. After the war, his work became darker, but his characteristic wit remained. Heartbroken House (1919), his first full-length play after the war, was primarily written during this period. Shaw's Saint Joan (1923), a play about Joan of Arc that celebrated the visionary morality of the French saint, brought him international fame and earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature [7,92].
Shaw continued to write plays well into his nineties, but few were as notable or frequently revived as his earlier.
Shaw died in 1950 at the age of 94 due to a fall from a ladder [22,103].
Throughout his lifetime, Shaw communicated with numerous individuals, and his extensive correspondence was a crucial aspect of his enduring literary reputation. Jerome Kilty adapted his letters to and from Mrs. Patrick Campbell into the play The Dear Liar: A Comedy of Letters, while Anthony Wynne transformed her correspondence with poet Lord Alfred Douglas (a close confidant of Oscar Wilde) into the drama Bernard and Bozee: A Most Unlikely Friendship. Her copious letters to various personalities, such as actress Ellen Terry, boxer Gene Tunney, IRA leader Michael Collins, and authors H.G. Wells and Henry James, are among those that have been published.