Second Language Learning and Language Teaching

Box 10.11 Pros and cons of native and non-native 
speaker teachers
Expat native speaker teachers
Non-native speaker teachers
provide a model of native speaker use
provide a model of L2 user use
may be fluent in their L1
may not be so fluent in their L2
know the L1 culture from the inside
know the L1 culture from the outside
may become less native over time
may not change or may improve 
over time
provide a model of someone who 
provide a model of someone who has 
has learnt the L2 as an L1
learnt the language as an L2
may not have knowledge of the 
know the local educational system
local educational system
may or may not have appropriate
have appropriate teacher training 
teacher training and qualifications
and qualifications
10.5 International languages: English as lingua 
franca (ELF)
●
Why do people in your country or another country you know use a second
language?
●
Is English a peculiar language or is it typical of many other second languages?
●
Do you think a language can escape the culture or control of its native speakers?
Focusing questions
hypercentral language: a language that is used globally for international pur-
poses, as opposed to languages that are used more locally
English as lingua franca (ELF, sometimes LFE): the name for the kind of English
that is used globally by non-native speakers for many kinds of international
purposes
Keywords

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This section deals with the situation of languages that are used outside the coun-
try or area where they originated. Chapter 11 describes the varieties of language in
relationship to language teaching. Here we concentrate on English as an interna-
tional language, rather than say, French or Chinese.
According to Abram de Swaan (2001), languages form a hierarchy (represented
in Figure 10.2):
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