Second Language Learning and Language Teaching

294

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Index
Page numbers in bold refer to Keywords. Those in italics refer to figures (only
indexed separately if there is no other information about the topic on the page).
Headings referring to specific groups of language users are constructed in the 
following way: [L1-L2] language users, e.g. Spanish-English language users.
4 skills
242, 244
4M model
177
Abbs, B.
243
Abelson, R.
122–3
absolute location, Aboriginal languages
57
academic English
200–1, 204
academic teaching style
237–42
accents
71, 73, 75, 76–7
choice of model
78–9, 172–3, 186–7
acculturation
140, 141–2
achievement strategies
108
Acklam, R.
139, 173
acquisition sequence
see sequence of
acquisition
Active Intonation (1968)
84
active sentences
44
Adams, S.J.
122
Adamson, H.
171
additive bilingualism
140
adjacency pair
165, 167
Adult ESOL Core Curriculum (1999)
102
affective strategies
116
age, effect on L2 learning
147–50
agreement
218, 219–20
allophones
68, 69, 73, 76, 77
alphabetic writing systems
87, 89
Alptekin, C.
151
alternating language methods
183
alternative teaching styles
267–70
AMTB (Attitudes and Motivation Test
Battery)
137–8
analytic ability
145
Anderson, James
221
Angol Nyelv Alapfoken (1987)
208
animacy
219, 220
Anthony, E.M.
235
Anton, M.
184
antonyms
55
approximation, communication strategy
107
approximative stage, L2 learning
71
aptitude
144–6, 223
Arabic
191
Arabic-English language users
74–5
argument structure
50, 63, 217
Arnberg, L.
196
articles
44
ASD Simplified Technical English (2007)
204
Asher, James
131, 132, 148, 149, 253
aspiration
72, 73
assessment
137–8, 144–5, 178, 223
assimilation
141, 142
assimilationist teaching
205, 206
Atakan, S.
151
Atkinson, R.C.
62
Atlas 1 (1995)
32, 184, 259–60
attitudes
137–8, 138–9, 140–3
Attitudes and Motivation Test Battery
137–8, 223
audio-lingual method
4, 17, 82, 158, 208,
242, 242–7
audio-visual method
4, 17, 56, 150, 201
Australian Aboriginal languages
57
authenticity, teaching materials
130, 155,
158–60, 254–5
automatic processing
221–2
autonomous learning
118, 210, 267,
269–70
avoidance
107, 108–9
awareness
39, 41, 82

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Index
296
baby talk
42, 161, 225
background knowledge
122–3, 124–5, 128
Bacon, S.
151
Baetens Beardsmore, H.
196
Bahrick, Harry
60–1
Baker, A.
70
Baker, P.
197–8
Bangalore Project
259
Basic Grammar in Use (2002)
20, 239
basic-level terms, vocabulary
55
Bates, E.
219
Beauvillain, C.
53
Beginner’s Choice (1992)
139, 173
behaviourism
220–1, 251
Bellugi, Ursula
225
Ben Zeev, S.
209
Benke, E.
186, 187
Benz, C.
61, 119
Bhatt, R.M.
201
Bialystok, Elaine
107, 118, 196, 209
Biko, Steve
199
Bilingual Education Act (USA)
206
bilingual language teaching
183, 184, 
205
bilingualism
140, 195 see also L2 users
attitudes to
137–8, 138–9, 140–3
bilingual/monolingual modes
174, 175
codeswitching
108, 174, 174–81, 184
effect on cognition
209
effect on first language
7, 57, 72, 220,
232
effects on cognition
7–8, 57, 182,
191–2
and official languages
197
Bilingualism or Not (1981)
206
Blackwell, A.
221
Bloomfield, Leonard
171, 221
bootstrapping
262
borrowing
60
bottom-up parsing
125, 126–8
Bowen, T.
80
Bowler, B.
37, 173, 264
Bransford, J.D.
121–2
British National Corpus
25
most frequent words
47, 48
Broeder, P.
221
Brones, I.
53
Broughton, G.
264
Brown, Roger
225
Bruner, Jerome
225, 229, 250
Buber, M.
121
Burt, Marina
25–7
business English
204
Bygate, Martin
257
Byram, Michael
211
Call, M.
128
Canagarajah, A.S.
201
Candlin, E.F.
239
capitalization
91, 92, 96
Caramazza, A.
53
careers, and L2 learning
208
Carr, T.H.
93
Carrell, Patricia
122, 123
Carroll, J.B.
144–5
case systems
218, 220
central languages
190, 191
Chamot, A.U.
115–16, 118, 221
Changes (1998)
20, 100, 173, 216
Chaudron, Craig
157, 158
Chikamatsu, N.
93
children
147–9, 149–50, 195–6, 209,
228–9
Chinese
74, 83–4, 88, 151, 199
Chinese-English language users
93–4
Chomsky, N.
15, 18, 22, 23, 33, 51, 90,
214–18
Ci Siamo (1997)
50, 173
circumlocution
107
Clachar, A.
203
Clark, E.
54, 229, 235
classroom interaction
155, 155–69,
226–7, 249
and culture
163–4
initiation-response-feedback
156–7
language-as-subject
157–8
optimization of input
162–3
click languages
76
COBUILD English Course 1 (1988)
129
codebreaking
125, 131–2, 160
codeswitching
108, 174, 174–81, 184
restrictions on
176–7
cofigurative culture
161, 164
cognates
60
cognition
effect of bilingualism
7–8, 57, 182,
191–2, 209, 232
cognitive behaviourism
221
cognitive strategies
113, 115, 116, 118
cognitive style
150, 151–2
Coleman, J.A.
138, 152, 239
Collie, J.
124, 253
Collins COBUILD Grammar (1990)
240
collocations
51
colons
96
colour, perception of
56–7
commas
96
Common European Framework of Reference for
Languages (2008)
211
communication breakdown
82, 84, 167–8
communication strategies
106, 106–12

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communicative competence
23, 248
communicative teaching method
17, 162,
201, 247, 247–56
techniques
248–50
communities
201–5
community language learning (CLL)
183–4, 201, 267, 267–9
comparatives
54
compensation strategies
116
compensatory strategies
109–12
competence
5, 248
grammatical competence
19, 22–3, 24
multi-competence
11, 15–16, 211–12,
231, 231–3
pragmatic vs. communicative
23
Competition Model
218, 219
components of meaning
53, 54
compound bilinguals
182
comprehensible input
132
computer-assisted language learning (CALL)
245
computers, learning experiments
221
Concept 7–9 (1972)
248
conceptual archistrategy
109–10
confluent language teaching
267
connectionism
218, 221
consciousness-raising
39
consonant doubling rule
93, 94
consonants
68, 72–3, 79–80
clusters
74–5, 76, 77
content words
24, 25, 26, 28, 48
context, and meaning
122–5
Contrastive Analysis
6
Conversation Analysis
165, 165–8
coordinate bilinguals
182
Coppetiers, R.
231
Corder, S.P.
6
corpus-based teaching materials
46–7, 
49, 59
correspondence rules
87, 89, 91–3, 94
Coulthard, M.
156
Courtillon, J.
173
Crago, M.
250
CRAPEL (Centre de Recherches et
d’Applications Pédagogiques en
Langues)
269
creativity
110
CREDIF (Centre de Recherche et d’Etude
pour la Diffusion du Français)
46–7
Cridlig, J.-M.
184
critical period hypothesis
147
Crookes, G.
136, 163
cross-cultural differences
124–5, 151, 
255
cross-linguistic differences
20
cross-linguistic transfer
76 see also
transfer
Cruse, D.A.
54–5
Cuban Ministry of Education
4
culture
background knowledge
122–3, 124–5,
128
cross-cultural differences
124–5, 151,
255
influence of language
8, 56–7, 151
and literature
240, 255
pre/co/post-figurative
161
and stereotyping
123, 138–9, 223
and teaching methods
163–4, 200, 201,
249–50, 251
understanding of differences
209
Cummins, J.
148
Cunningham, S.
249
Curran, Charles
267, 268
curricula
4, 101–2
goals
173, 199, 206, 209
Dam, Leni
269
de Salins, G.-D.
173
de Swaan, A.
143, 190
declarative vs. procedural memory
218,
221
decoding
125, 160
DeKeyser, Robert
37, 148, 222
Department for Education and Science 
(UK)
4
Despotova, V.
21
developmental sequence see sequence of
acquisition; sequence of development
Dewaele, J.M.
152
dialects
75
dialogues
242, 242–3, 264
Diaz, R.M.
196
DiCamilla, F.
184
Dickerson, W.
84–5
Dickinson, Leslie
210, 269
dictionaries, as learning aid
59
Digby, C.
100–1
direct teaching method
17
discourse analysis see Conversation
Analysis
distinctive features, phonemes
69
Dodson, C.J.
183, 184
Donaldson, M.
151
Dorian, Nancy
201
Dornyei, Zoltan
110
Doughty, Catherine
184
drills
22, 242, 243
dual language programmes
183
Duchamps, Michel
171
Index 297

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Dulay, Heidi
25–7
Dworak, M.
61, 119
Eckmann, Fred
76
Eckstrand, L.
148
Edina, B.A.
208
educational systems
196, 200–1, 204, 206
EFL see English as a foreign language (EFL)
ELF (English as a lingua franca) see English
as lingua franca (ELF)
elite bilingualism
195, 196, 204, 210
Ellis, G.
41, 118
Ellis, R.
211, 261
Ellsworth, A.
130
emotion, and intonation
83, 84
empathy, and L2 learning ability
152
emphasis
42
English
consonants
68, 74–5, 76, 77, 79–80
sociolinguistic variation
38, 64, 172–3
spelling
88, 89, 90–5, 99–102
syllable structure
74–5
English as a foreign language (EFL)
1–2
choice of model
5, 38, 64, 78–80
curricula
4
mainstream teaching style
263–6
pronunciation
74–5
English as lingua franca (ELF)
1–2, 78,
189, 189–93, 199–201, 204
academic purposes
200–1, 204
grammar
192–3
pronunciation
79–80, 192
English for the Fifth Class (1988)
21
English for You (1983)
63
English-Japanese language users
93
English-Spanish language users
77
English Topics (1975)
130, 159
epenthesis