Social and political processes in uzbekistan on the eve of independence. Plan: The acute and serious situation that arose in Uzbekistan at the end of the 80s of the 20th century

3. The appointment of I.Karimov as the first secretary of the Central Council of the Own Communist Party.
The 80s of the 20th century were the period when the state of socio-economic, political and spiritual decline was evident in the former Soviet state. The failure of the "Reconstruction" policy, the abstruse political, class, common interests above the national interests, which are based on administrative-mandatory, different forms of ownership denying competition, are completely hopeless in practice. had shown it once again. At this time, the economic life of Uzbekistan is in a very difficult situation, in particular, the industry is developing unilaterally and adapting to the "cotton" industrial complex, the environmental situation is worsening, the death rate of mothers and children is increasing, conflicting situations are arising in inter-ethnic relations, national conflicts became stronger and the national traditions and values were under pressure, putting the republic in a difficult situation. At that time, issues related to the peoples living in Uzbekistan and their interests were in the first place in the spheres of the state policy of the Republic of Uzbekistan. In such a situation, in order to ensure a peaceful life, it was necessary for the republic to have a leader who can manage the state, who can make the correct conclusions from the economic and political processes that have taken place, and who can lay the foundations for the development of the nation. On June 24, 1989, Upon his election as the head of Uzbekistan, I.A. Karimov said in his speech at the Council of Ministers of the Uzbek SSR on the issues of accelerating socio-economic development of the regions of the Fergana Valley: "Nowadays, many people interpret the reasons for the events in Fergana in different ways. I am not going to list all the reasons and mention the most important ones. But if I say that the root of all events is related to the difficult socio-economic situation of the population living in the Fergana Valley, I think that many people will agree with this opinion. I.A., who started working as the head of Uzbekistan Karimov said, "As the leader of Uzbekistan, he will reveal the root of acute social problems, shortcomings and defects that have not been solved for a long time. "doesn't wear out".The first president of the Republic of Uzbekistan I.A. From the first days of his career, Karimov was a great statesman and a skilled politician, a creator and organizer, a practitioner with extensive experience and a profound theorist. He not only encouraged them to consider it as his homeland, but also lived with the sorrow of creating conditions for them. In September 1989, at the next plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, I.A. As the new leader of Uzbekistan, Karimov emphasizes that the socio-economic situation in the republic has fallen into a dire situation. However, the center was far from thinking about the national interests of the republics. The socio-economic processes taking place in the republic were previously ignored by the center, but now, when the economic crisis is intensifying in the country, it is not interested at all. It was at this time that the role of the head of the republic as a real national leader was clearly demonstrated.
In many countries of the world, many leaders who led the national liberation struggle of the motherland are known in the history of national liberation struggles. In the history of Uzbekistan, by the 90s of the 20th century, Islam Karimov also appeared as the leader of the nation, a great leader. First of all, he felt the dire situation in the republic, realized that it is necessary to work for the interests of the people free from the center, and began to solve difficult and responsible tasks. In the Fergana Valley, he handled the conflicts between the Meskheti-Turks and the Uzbeks that started as a result of various provocations and riots. It was here that his qualities of political leadership, the way of approaching the issue, the ability to understand the course of socio-political processes in a very subtle and deep way were clearly visible. I.A., who went to Fergana Valley on June 25. Karimov spoke sincerely to the confused people. Despite the strong resistance of the security service, he went to the city of Kokand, on the way he stopped at a couple of places and learned the opinion of the people about the happenings. Those affected by the conflicts were provided with food from the stock that was released for sale. After peace was established in the Ferghana Valley, the leader of Uzbekistan, who realized that the national policy of the Soviet state was too shallow to justify itself, protected the national interests of representatives of various nationalities living in Uzbekistan, especially the peoples who were forcibly displaced from their motherland for 74 years. In order to protect them from political persecution, to give them a sense of nationalism, and to build pride, they started to create national cultural centers in the republic. In order to coordinate the activities of these centers, the republican international cultural center was established under the Ministry of Cultural Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, and their number was 12 in 1989. The main task of this center was to lead the activities of national cultural centers, to help in the restoration and development of customs and religious values ​​of different nations. Many things happened for the first time in the activity of national cultural centers, as was the case throughout the country in those years. Such centers, in particular, the Polish national cultural center "Svetlitsa Polska", the Korean national cultural center "Vozrojdenie" (Revival), the Azerbaijani national cultural center "Gardashlok" (Friendship), the German national cultural center "Wiedergeburt" (Revival . For example, in Uzbekistan, the German national-cultural center "Wiedergebiirt" has been protecting the interests of the German people living in Uzbekistan since 1989, teaching German language, folk holidays, folk songs and dances to young Germans. put it on. On the initiative of this national-cultural center, Christmas - "Weihnachten" holiday was restored, in 1990, the German Evangelical-Lutheran church was renovated in Tashkent. In 1993, by the order of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I. A. Karimov, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was handed over to the German people living in Uzbekistan. Since 1992, it has been officially registered under the name "Wiedergeburt", and German national-cultural centers have been opened throughout the republic, especially in Tashkent, Fergan, Samarkand, Bukhara and other cities of Uzbekistan, and continued their activities. Also, to expand the level of teaching in Tajik, Kazakh, Turkmen and Kyrgyz languages ​​in general secondary schools of the republic, departments of teaching in Kazakh, Tajik, Kyrgyz languages in higher educational institutions of the republic and their textbooks and the task of arming with educational exhibitions was also defined. It was known that these processes, which have intensified in the country, are connected with the economic crisis. Uzbekistan, which first opened the way for people with national interests to realize their identity, should now take measures to prevent economic crisis in the whole republic, it was also important to define measures and develop ways to implement them. .
On August 17, 1989, on the initiative of the head of Uzbekistan, Islam Karimov, who understood the situation in the republic well, a decision was made "to provide every family living in the village with a plot of land, to create all conditions for them to build a house individually." Over 60,000 families were allocated plots of land in the past year after this decision was made. The existing farms in the republic made up 5% of all cultivated areas, totaling 200,000 hectares of land. At the same time, a lot of income was obtained from each hectare of these lands.
By November 1, 1990, 1,327,149 families out of 2.22 -0.129 families living in the village needed new land plots and expansion of existing ones, and 394,098 of them received new land plots. 55,036 hectares of land were allocated for their use. All 933,164 families who needed to expand their plots were satisfied. In addition, 101,117 hectares of land were allocated to them. As a result, the land acquired by the state for rural workers reached 156,153 hectares. In addition, after the implementation of this decision, 87,515 land plots with an area of 11,009 hectares were allocated to newly formed families. In 1990, the state concluded 765,862 contracts for the purpose of purchasing products grown in these farms.
With the enlargement of the land plots, the farmer also had the opportunity to market the rest of the family's products grown in the private subsidiary farm. As a result, the production of small goods began. Such auxiliary farms began to make a certain contribution to the development of market relations and the cultivation of food products. On July 28, 1990, President Islam Karimov's Decree "On improving the provision of drinking water and natural gas to rural residents" was announced. Adoption of this decree was another important step taken to radically change the appearance of the village and improve the lifestyle of the citizens living there. At the root of such actions, one could sense the actions for independent recovery and creation of national statehood. By the end of 1989, efforts to give Uzbek language the status of the State language was one of the first steps towards the formation of national statehood. Although the efforts to grant the status of the Uzbek language to the state language began in 1988, it is still not possible to come to a decision, and in the press different views and opinions are expressed about it, it is not possible to determine a definite result, the influence of the center was also strong. I.A., who started leading the republic. Karimov gives instructions to form a separate commission. This commission was supposed to study the opinion of the people and prepare a draft law granting the status of the state language to the Uzbek language. The newly formed commission included representatives of non-official organizations. During the four months that the project was being discussed, the commission received a total of about four thousand letters, which were signed by more than 150 thousand people. Based on the national interest, the commission studied these proposals and quickly emerged three new versions of the bill. These consisted of commission drafts, drafts drawn up by the writers' union, and drafts drawn up by representatives of non-official organizations. All projects were openly and objectively discussed, and based on their study and generalization, a new project was prepared and announced in the press on October 11, 1989. After the national discussion of the project, at the 11th session of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR on October 21, 1989, the Law "On the State Language of the Uzbek SSR" was adopted. After that, extensive efforts were started to consistently improve the state language. As defined by the law, the activities related to the implementation of the draft law in the Republic are clearly defined, not only the leading employees, but also people who regularly communicate with representatives of different nationalities, organizations that protect rights, social security, public education, culture. and health, trade, domestic service, communication, transport, public utility, mass media workers, it was emphasized that they should know the national language sufficiently to perform their duties.
It is worth mentioning that the leadership of Uzbekistan took into account the national interests of other peoples living in the republic when raising the Uzbek language to the level of the state language. The law on the state language stipulated that the development of the Uzbek language as a state language does not conflict with the interests of other national languages. An article stating that representatives of all peoples and nationalities living in the republic have equal rights was also included in the law.
Based on this approach, on August 24, 1995, the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers on "Approving the basic spelling rules of the Uzbek language" was announced. This decision supplemented the Law on the State Language. After that, to create more opportunities for the Russian-speaking population of the republic to acquire the state language, in this regard, to further improve and improve Uzbek language education in schools, pre-school education, extracurricular institutions, new programs, textbooks and A number of tasks were also carried out in order to create other training manuals, to quickly develop the necessary methodology for accelerating the teaching of the state language, and to ensure the wide and active participation of experts in this field in this important event. Also, emphasis was placed on determining the necessary language in military, religious and other fields. Also, in order to regulate and improve the socio-political and scientific-technical terms of the Uzbek language, a special Terminology Committee was established under the Council of Ministers of Uzbekistan. The relevant tasks were assigned to this committee. From the beginning, the committee collected and discussed the terms used in the press, radio and television programs, the terms and designations from 15 ministries, committees and agencies, related to these agencies. For example, the medical department collected and discussed the most relevant terms used in health care in its own section. The terms were discussed in the committee's office and sent to the 22nd organization for further discussion.
In general, although the law on the state language adopted in 1989 is not without some shortcomings, it was not difficult to understand the reasons for such shortcomings, considering that this law was adopted in a complex socio-economic environment. This law opened the way to the study of the cultural heritage of the people, national values, restoration of historical memory, and on this basis, the strengthening of national consciousness, mental strength, and social activity. In this sense, the granting of state status to national languages had a positive effect on the strengthening of independence movements against the socialist regime. The law on the state language was another important political step of historical importance in the republic on the way to the realization of national identity, restoration of national statehood, and laid the foundation for the spiritual foundation of national independence. By itself, this Law created a great opportunity to restore the status of the Uzbek people, to fully implement them in all spheres of social life. Based on the need to fully support the will of the people of the republic, to ensure the real development and prosperity of the people, to enrich their spiritual potential, the results of the "Navroz folk holiday" of the President of Uzbekistan On the basis of the Decree adopted on May 3, 1990, March 21 was declared as a day of rest and national Navruz holiday every year in the territory of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The celebration of Nowruz was a powerful factor of deep folk traditions, careful treatment of the earth and nature, respect for peasant labor, good neighborliness, kindness, and the desire to be a salve for the pain of others.
In the 80s of the 20th century, the communist system, which was formed with a chauvinist spirit in exchange for trampling on the national feelings, which was rampant in administrative-commandeering, dragged the entire people of Uzbekistan into a trap of slander and slander, the "cotton case" or later "o The inventions named "Uzbeks' work" are a new stage of the repression of the Soviet system. The various social and economic problems that appeared aggravated the existing negative situation, but the changes in the republic from the second half of 1989 also changed the attitude towards the T. Gdlyan group, which was connected with the repression of the "cotton work". In the second half of 1989, the fabrications of "cotton case" or "Uzbeks' case" which caused fear among the population of the republic until 1989 began to be dispelled. To awaken the confidence of the Uzbek people in the prosecutor's office, first of all to organize work based on the interests of the people and the country, to put an end to the violations committed by the Gdlyan-Ivanovs, to initiate criminal proceedings against them, to release those who were illegally punished, from the center The most important task was to send the "law enforcement officers" back to where they came from, and to gradually cut off contact with the center.
On September 12, 1989, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR established a commission to "prepare documents for the purpose of pardoning people who were criminally prosecuted for allowing the addition of letters in the cotton industry." Based on the documents prepared by this commission, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR asked the Supreme Soviet of the Uzbek SSR to exonerate 43 people who were brought to criminal responsibility. It asked for measures to reduce the sentences imposed on many persons. It turned out that during this period, the number of people convicted in the "cotton case" was 4018, after the positive changes that began in the republic, the number of those who were rehabilitated was 2940, those who were sent for re-investigation were 63, those who were unjustly convicted It was 1016 people. By October 31, 1990, at the third session of the Supreme Soviet of the 12th convocation, with the recommendation of the President of Uzbekistan, the Prosecutor of Uzbekistan was appointed by the supreme body of the Republic in order to end the dependence of the public prosecutor on the federal prosecutor and to strengthen the independence of this system. In general, by 1990, there were times when the rule of the Soviet state was in crisis, and the allied republics were making extensive efforts for their national independence. The new leadership of Uzbekistan also entered the arena with new socio-economic and political changes that are completely foreign to the authoritarian system. It was this period that marked the republic's path to independence. This path started under the leadership of the leader of Uzbekistan, I. A. Karimov, is a historical and spiritual revival, putting an end to the policy of repression carried out by the center, protecting the honor of the Uzbek people, limiting the state of economic decline, and protecting the domestic market. , consisted of a completely new social protection policy, reducing the influence of the center and other comprehensive measures. Later, in the spring of 1990, Islam Karimov realized that Gorbachev's reconstruction had reached a dead end. Such people were rare among the politicians of the USSR at that time. It was necessary to take strict measures to prevent the growing unrest in Russia and other allied republics from happening in Uzbekistan. Even a slight weakening of the power in Uzbekistan could lead to the resumption of ethnic conflicts and social explosions in the republic. Therefore, despite the dissatisfaction and resistance of Gorbachev and his entourage, the Republic of Uzbekistan introduced the Presidency of the Supreme Republic.