Some investigating features of the English language in comparison with Uzbek and Karakalpak languages

The position of the tongue root. The more advanced or retracted position of the root of the tongue differentiates between vowels having different degrees of openness. The vowels pronounced with the root of the tongue pushed forward of its normal position will be specified as advanced tongue root (ATR) vowels. Conversely, non-advanced tongue root vowels will be articulated with the root of the tongue in its common, resting position.
The first group of vowels will be comparatively tenser and higher than the vowels in the second group. Vowel quantity – duration, length – combines with stability of articulation to make the distinction between simple or «pure» vowels or monophthongs on the one hand and diphthongs on the other.
Monophthongs are comparatively shorter vowels that preserve the same quality throughout the entire duration of their articulation.
A diphthong combines two different vocalic elements joined together in a unique articulator effort and consequently being part of the same syllabic unit. In any diphthong one of the vocalic elements will be stronger than the other, from which or towards which the pronunciation glides. If the weaker element comes first and we have a glide towards the dominant vocalic element, the diphthong is in a rising one: it is the kind of diphthong we have in Romanian words like /iatac/,
/iubire/, /iepure/, /iobag/, /meander/, /boal/ and etc. This is a type of diphthong that does not exist in English, a language that only has falling diphthongs, that is diphthongs in which the glide is from the dominant vocalic element to the weaker one: e.g.
/boy/, /buy/ in English or
/boi/, /bai/ in Romanian
These examples do not suggest that the diphthongs in the two languages are identical.
It is often difficult to decide when we deal with a genuine diphthong: that is a sequence of two vowels pronounced together, and when we deal with a sequence of a vowel and a glide for instance. In other words, shall we describe the vocalic element in /buy/ as the diphthong /ay/ or shall we rather interpret it as the vowel
/a/ followed by the glide /j/.
Many linguists opt for the second variant and some will go as far as interpreting long vowels like [i] in /beat/ for instance as a succession of [ i ]. The duration of the glide can constitute the basis for a differentiation, since glides will arguably take shorter to pronounce than the second vocalic element in a falling diphthong. If the vowel is very short, however, it is often difficult to distinguish it from the glide. The scope of this study will not allow us to go into further detail, so for, the sake of simplicity we will adopt the widely embraced approach that considers long vowels are monophthongs and vocalic sequences as that of [ai] in