Some practice in translation

Phraseological Collocations are motivated word combinations but they are made up of words possessing specific lexical valency which accounts for a certain degree of stability in such word groups. They are translated by corresponding Collocations in Russian, e.g. to make faces – строить рожи; to make amends – приносить свои извинения; to make a fortune – составить состояние; to make a bed – застелить постель; to make allowances – делать скидку.
As seen from the above examples it is always the key word which determines the choice of the Russian verb.
Lexical Transformations can be reduced to 5 distinct types which have a purely Linguistic Basis. These 5 types are the following:
Concretization
Generalization
Antonymic translation
Metonymic translation
Paraphrasing
Concretization
Some groups of Lexical Units require Concretization in translation. This is due to the difference in the proportion between abstract and de-semantized words on the one hand and concrete words on the other in the SL and TL.
Abstract words in English distinctly fall into several groups:
1. Numerous nouns formed by specific suffixes of abstract meaning. Many such nouns have no counterparts in the Russian language, e.g. ministership, presidency, electorate, statehood, etc.
2. Abstract words which have no equivalents in Russian, the so-called lacuna, such as exposure, occupant (unless as a military term).
3. Generalizing words having equivalents in Russian but differing in usage, e.g. man, woman, creature, and person.
4. Words of wide meaning which require Concretization in translation, some words of this group are on the way to becoming de-semantized, e.g. place, piece, and stuff, affair, etc.
5. Words of wide meaning which in fact have become