- Meanings are recovered by context
- Not everything should be explicitly stated
- Stating everything may result in “overexplicitness”, thus, unnatural
- Language choice depends on context of situation (tenor, field, mode)
Context Independent - Meanings and context are created and presented by writers.
- Everything should be presented for clarity.
- Completeness is necessary.
- Language choice is based on the imagined readers
- Structures are repeated
- Interactive staging
- Open-ended
- A lot of opening and re-opening
- A lot of topics
Synoptic Structure - Generic structure potential: recount, procedure, report etc.
- Rhetorical staging
- Closed / finite / fixed
- Incomplete clauses
- Gambits
- False start
- Topic termination
- Overlap
- Interruption
- Etc.
Final Draft - Well structured
- Complete sentences
- Well punctuated
- Free from spelling mistakes
- Undergoes several editing processes
- Polished language
Everyday vs. prestige lexis - Commence
- Vivacious
- Joyful
- Ladies and gentlemen
- Etc.
Standard vs. Non-standard grammar - There’s a lot of people.
- It’s me!
- I wanna go
- I ain’t going
- There are many people.
- It is I.
- I want to go
- I am not going
- Hey, I tell you what! Yesterday I went to… you know this place? They call it Guci. It’s somewhere around this city… what do you call it? The city that people plant those shallots and also lots of salted duck eggs? I think it starts with B or something. From here it’s rather far… I think it’s after Tegal.
Grammatical Simplicity & Lexically Dense - Yesterday I went to a little town called Guci. It is a small cool city located at a cool mountain slope not far from Brebes. Usually people come to Guci to enjoy some hot-water springs that are believed to have strong soothing effects to those who suffer from water-born skin diseases caused by badly managed sewage sanitation.
Spoken Language - Based on clauses
- Subjects/objects: simple pronouns (you, I) or noun phrase (my father, the house
- Gambits: help clarify interpersonal meanings
- Fillers (well…, uhm…, right…)
- More emphasis on interpersonal meanings
Written Language - Based on sentence
- Subjects/Objects are realised in complex noun phrases
- Use of passive patterns (less personal, objectified)
- More emphasis on ideational meanings
Spoken: grammatical intricacy (G&W 1995:162-163) - I can’t mind the kids today
- Because I must go to fotball training
- And can’t leave early
- Because we’ve got an important game on Saturday
- And if we win it
- We go into the finals
- Because I don’t have training
- So I can mind them then
- If that’s Ok with you
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