Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan state world languages university

1.3 The Northern English Type of English Pronunciation

The main distinctions of the Northern type of English pr-n, as opposed to RP, are as follows:

1. 
   /æ/ is more open & more retracted back, as in /a/ (e.g. “back”, “bad”)
   
2. 
   /a:/ is fronted compared with RP /a:/ & it approximates to /æ/ in words
   

“Glass”, “laugh”, “after”.

(c) / / is used instead of /  / (e.g. “cup”, “love”, “much”).

(d) /o / is pronounced as a monophthongal /o:/ (e.g. “go”, “home”).

(e) /e/ or / : / are pronounced instead of /ei/ (e.g. “may”, “say”, “Take”).

The Scottish Type of English Pronunciation

The main distinctions of this type of pr-n, as compared to RP, are as follows:

(a) / : / is not used in the Scottish type of pr-n, instead of RP / : / they use the sequences /ir/, /er/ or / r/ (e.g. “bird” -/bird/, “heard”- /herd/, “word”- /w rd/, “beard”, “there”, “pure”, “poor”, “ sure”, etc).

(b) /u / is used instead of /a / (e.g. “down”- /dun /).

(с) The Scottish pr-n does not distinguish between /æ/ & /a:/ words like “bad”, “path”, ”grass”, “dance”, ”half”, “part” are pronounced with /æ/ & /a:/ or /ә/.

(d)All vowels are short. There is no distinction in the length of the vowels in words like “pull”, “pool”, “cot” & “caught”.

(e) /r / is not between or before vowels, as in “hurry ” & “brown”, but also after vowels as in “word”, “born”.

(f) A voiceless fricative / / is used to distinguish between “which” & “witch”, “whine” & “wine”.

(g) A backlingual fricative /x/ is used (e.g. “loch”).

One should distinguish between RP & “educated” regional type of pr-n (such as Southern, Northern & Scottish types of English pr-n), on the one hand, & local dialects, on the other.

One of the best examples of a local dialect is Cockney. It is used by the less educated in the region of London. Cockney has not been fully investigated, but there are certain striking peculiarities:

1. 
   In Cockney the nucleus of the diphthong /ei/ is an almost open vowel, so that it reminds of /ai/ (e.g. “take”, “lake ”).
   
2. 
   / æ / sounds like / / (e.g. “bag”)
   
3. 
   /o / is / / (e.g. “potatoes” - / p ә'tai æ z / ).
   

(d) A nasalised /ai/ is used for /ai/ (e.g. “Buy potatoes & cabbages”- /bai p ә'tait æ z n' k b әd iz/).

4. 
   /p, t, k/ are heavily aspirated.
   
5. 
   /h/ does not occur; it may appear only in stressed position (“his”, “her’, “happened’).
   
6. 
   The final /n/ sounds like /n/ (e.g. “something”, “evening”).
   
7. 
   / / & / / do not occur, /f/, /v/ or /d/ are used instead (e.g. «thin»
   

/fin/, «father» -/fa:vә/, “this” -/dis/).

/fin/, “father”- /fa:v ә/, “this” -/dis/).

+(i) The glottal stop is often heard instead of /p/, /t/, /k/ & between vowels (e.g. “I hope so”- /aiæ ? s /, “back door” - /b ?doә/, “thirty” -/fә:?i).