Summary The concept of the psyche

Fig. З.Ь. Образование условного рефлекса у животных (по И. П. Павлову). Объяснения в тексте

В этом случае мы сталкиваемся с явлением внешнего торможения. Примером внутреннею торможения является угасание условного рефлекса. Если условный раздражитель (например, звук или свет) несколько раз подряд не подкрепляется безусловным раз дражителем (например, нищей), то этот условный раздражитель перестает вызывать условный рефлекс — наступает его временное торможение.
Следующим принципом, установленным в исследованиях Павлова, был принцип генерализации и концентрации возбуждения в коре полушарий. Он выражается в том, что всякий условный раздражитель дает сначала генерализованное («разлитое») возбуждение, которое затем при определенных условиях начинает концентрироваться в определенных участках коры. Если, например, условный рефлекс вырабатывается в ответ на какой-либо раздражитель, то первоначально его будут вызывать и многие другие сходные раздражители (например, другие звуки). Но если безусловным раздражителем (пищей) будет подкрепляться толь-
Глава 3. Понятие о психике и ее эволюции • 81

Names
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich (1849-1936) - an outstanding Russian physiologist, Nobel Prize winner, went down in history as the creator of the doctrine of higher nervous activity. He received the Nobel Prize in 1904, for work on digestion and blood circulation. As a result of his research, Pavlov came to the conclusion that there is a complex relationship between the effects of environmental factors on the body and the behavior of animals. In his teaching, the unconditional, innate reflexes that arise in response to certain (unconditional) stimuli from the external environment, and the conditioned reflexes that arise after first linking an indifferent stimulus with an unconditional, are the units of behavior.
The development of theoretical views and analysis of experimental work allowed Pavlov to develop a study on two signaling systems, where the first system
Ma is sensory, and the second is speech associated with the word. He also developed the concept of the analyzer, put forward the theory of the types of the nervous system, created an international scientific school.
to one strictly defined sound stimulus, the reflexes in response to other sounds will slow down, - the conditioned reflex will differentiate.
Pavlov also discovered the law of mutual induction of the processes of excitation and inhibition. This law is as follows. If one area of ​​the cortex is in a state of excitement, then in other parts of the cortex, functionally connected with it, inhibition occurs; and vice versa, if the conditioned stimulus causes inhibition in a certain part of the cortex, in other areas, according to the law of induction, excitation arises.
The presence of the mechanisms described above, as well as the possibility of a substantive perception of the world around it, allow the formation of certain behavioral skills in animals . Therefore, the development of animals with similar mechanisms and abilities, is at the stage of skills and subject perception.
The main feature of this stage is the consolidation of the formed movements, that is, the animal can repeatedly make movements in the corresponding situation, which form the basis of the acquired skill. At the same time, the form of consolidation of sensory experience changes: the animal first appears in the show. For example, if you hide the bread in one place and the meat in another, then take the dog to a place where there is no meat, the dog will first run to the place where the meat is hidden, and then to the place where it is hidden bread. This suggests that the dog reproduces the image of the external environment, i.e., is an idea of ​​it. The given example also makes it possible to say that in animals at the stage of skills and objective perception not only motor but also figurative memory develops.
Of course, not only memory is developed in animals. For example, if sound is used as an impact, - one sound is associated with such a biologically important effect as food, and the other is not supported by anything, then the animal