Sustainable Plant Nutrition: Molecular Interventions and Advancements for Crop Improvement
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See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364951576 Use of nano-fertilizers to improve the nutrient use efficiencies in plants Chapter · January 2023 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-443-18675-2.00013-4 CITATION 1 READS 369 9 authors , including: Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Bionanofertilizers View project Sustainability Special Issue: Agricultural Sustainability at the Crossroads: Indicators, Approaches, Impacts and Options View project Qurat Ul Ain National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 6 PUBLICATIONS 13 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Hafiz Athar Hussain National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering 42 PUBLICATIONS 1,730 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Qingwen Zhang Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 88 PUBLICATIONS 1,475 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Ayesha Rasheed University of Agriculture Faisalabad 2 PUBLICATIONS 2 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Komal Shoukat on 20 February 2023. 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SUSTAINABLE PLANT NUTRITION This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER THIRTEEN Use of nano-fertilizers to improve the nutrient use efficiencies in plants Qurat ul Ain a , b , Hafiz Athar Hussain a , b , Qingwen Zhang a , Ayesha Rasheed c , Asma Imran b , Saddam Hussain d , Namrah Ahmad e , Huzaima Bibi f , Komal Shoukat Ali g a Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China b Division of Soil and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan c Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan d Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan e Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-ur-Rehaman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan f Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan g Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan 1. Introduction The application of fertilizer in the crop fields is the common practice for increasing the crop production to ful fill the global demand of food ( Chhipa, 2017 ). However, the nutrient use ef ficiency is a significant parameter for eval- uating the crop production that depends on the fertilizer management. The need of fertilizers is increasing for better yield as Mittal et al. (2020) assessed that the total consumption of fertilizers is expected to rise 263 Mt in 2050. Further, Fatima et al. (2021) stated that the fertilizer application 13 times increased from 15 to 194 million tons between 1950 and 2020. Meanwhile, excess use of mineral fertilizers is unsafe due to increase the pollution issues. However, conventional fertilizers do not provide the required results because most nutrients do not reach at the target areas due to the loss by evaporation, leaching, volatilization, erosion, and runoff or nutrients photolytic deprivation ( Manjunatha et al., 2016 ). Nevertheless, nutrient use ef ficiency (NUE) has been considered the serious issue of lower soil fertility and reduction of crops yield. So, the improvement of NUE is needed for better cropping systems, sup- porting the sustainable agricultural production systems and increasing soil quality components ( Mahanta et al., 2019 ). Sustainable Plant Nutrition ISBN: 978-0-443-18675-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-18675-2.00013-4 © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 299 j The use of nanotechnology in the agricultural sectors could reduce the nutrient losses in fertilization and promote yields through the optimized nutrient management. The “nano” is the Greek word which means “dwarf” or one billionth part of a meter and particles with less than 100 nm are considered as nanoparticles ( Thakkar et al., 2010 ). Nano-sized fertilizer has the potential to upraise the agricultural yield by increased nutrients ab- sorption, uptake and translocation in plants due to its unique chemical char- acteristics. Like, it is stated that the nano-fertilizers are consist on nanoparticles that use nanotechnology for the enhancement of nutrients use ef ficiency ( Khalid et al., 2022 ). The nano-fertilizers are the nano- materials which are responsible for providing the one or more type of nu- trients to the plants, and support their growth and production ( Liu & Lal, 2015 ). Moreover, Fatima et al. (2021) explain that the nano-fertilizers offers the unique possibility of development in nutrients use ef ficiency of plants with high-absorption rate, and utilization ef ficacy and consequently have minimum losses that facilitate the nutrients uptake in plants. Furthermore, nano-fertilizers might be effective alternative to dissolvable inorganic fertil- izers due slow release of discharging supplements during crop production ( El-Saadony et al., 2021 ). To absorb the nutrients from the soil, the plants response depends on the morphology and synthesis characteristics of different nanoparticles (NPs). However, the modern nano-sized fertilizer improves the availability of insoluble nutrients and ability to reduce nutrient losses ( Prasad et al., 2017 ). In addition, Zul fiqar et al. (2019) explained that the synthesis of nano-materials with different engineering approaches encap- sulated the required nutrients to increase plant uptake ef ficiency. Compared with conventional water soluble fertilizers, nano-fertilizers showed excellent transport characteristics by plant cells and tissues with controlled mobility ( Al-Mamun et al., 2021 ). So, in light of discussed studies, nano-fertilizer is recommended due to its bene ficial effects on nutrient use efficiency (NUE) as well as for crop yield. But the relative economics of nano- fertilizer vis traditional chemical fertilizers and their integrated systems needs the detailed study to pass the meaningful suggestions for the farming communities. 2. Importance of nano-fertilizers in agriculture The application of nano-sized fertilizer is novel technique toward the modern agriculture as it ’s novel practice for better crop management and higher production ( Mittal et al., 2020 ). Nano-fertilizers are effective in 300 Qurat ul Ain et al. reduction of the nutrient leaching and volatilization losses, as this formula- tion may allow selective release linked with time and environmental condi- tions and may synchronize the release of nutrients with the uptake by crop plants. Further, nano-nutrient fertilizers exhibit high sorption capacity, sur- face area and control release of nutrients to targeted sites, hence these can be considered as smart nutrient delivery system ( Rameshaiah et al., 2015 ). Therefore, these nutrient formulations may act as possible alternatives to conventional fertilizers ensuring slow and control release of nutrients. Nano-fertilizers increase the nutrient use ef ficiency, provide better yield and may help in reducing the soil pollution due to overapplication of fertil- izers ( Naderi & Danesh-Shahraki, 2013 ). These fertilizer formulations are anticipated to improve the crop growth and development due to its greater absorbance, high reactivity and ability to directly enter the cell through cell wall pores. Previous studies described that the nanofertilizers (NFs) improve the seed germination and the seedling growth because NFs may penetrate into the seed easily and enhance availability of nutrients to the seedling but excessive dose can inhibit the growth of plants ( Sharma et al., 2021 ). Different types of nano-fertilizers can be produced by using different carrier materials e.g., zeolite, hydroxyapatite NPs, mesoporous silica NPs, nitrogen, carbon, zinc, copper, silica, and polymeric NPs ( Chaitra et al., 2021 ). Over- all, the nano-fertilizer have been reported in promoted the growth and pro- ductivity of agricultural field crops e.g., nano chitosan-based NPK fertilizer have been reported to increase the total sugar contents of wheat grown on clay, sandy and clay esandy soils ( Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016 ). Furthermore, it is reported that ZnO-NPs promoted the germination and its seedling vigor of peanut plants by improving the leaf chlorophyll contents ( Prasad et al., 2012 ). Similarly ( Salama, 2012 ), stated that the Ag-NPs signi ficantly improve the shoot and root growth, leaf surface area, chlorophyll contents, protein and carbohydrates. Nevertheless, different NPs e.g., Ag-NPs, TiO 2 NPs, Si-NPS, Fe ₃O₄ have found to increase the plant growth by regu- lating various responses in wheat, spinach, soybean and maize plants ( Hong et al., 2005 ; Iannone et al., 2016 ; Suriyaprabha et al., 2012 ; Yang et al., 2006 ). Additionally, the foliar spray of nano-fertilizer may lead to increase nutrients use ef ficiency (NUE) and gives rapid response to the growth of the plants ( Mahil & Kumar, 2019 ). The nano-sized fertilizers could have substantial effects on the soil as toxicity and accumulation and they are extremely resilient to degradation, decomposability in soil and potential to accumulate in soil owing to their biochemical compositions ( Rajput et al., 2019 ). In short, the nano sized fertilizers are getting signi ficance for Use of nano-fertilizers to improve the nutrient use ef ficiencies in plants 301 sustainable agriculture in improvement of crop production, increasing high in filtration rate, nutrient use efficiency (NUE), stress resistance and decrease the wastage of inorganic or chemical fertilizers as well as the cost of cultiva- tion practices. 3. Nano-fertilizers: a better alternative to conventional fertilizers The development of novel nano-agrochemicals might be interested among the possible nanotechnology applications in agriculture ( El- Saadony et al., 2021 ). However, to increasing the food production with minimum adverse environmental effects, it ’s essential to developed the new type fertilizers that release the nutrients according to the plant demand. For this, nano-fertilizers could be effective choice that improve the nutrients use ef ficiency of plants ( Mahanta et al., 2019 ). Moreover, several studies showed that the nano-materials based fertilizer can be more effective than the conventional forms of the fertilizers (as shown in Table 13.1 ) because controlled release of the nutrients not only enhance the ef ficiency of plants Table 13.1 General comparison of Conventional/Chemical fertilizer and nano- fertilizer. Quality parameters Nano-fertilizer Conventional/Chemical fertilizer Nutrient ’s solubility Higher Lower Time duration of release Extended effective duration for release Used at time of application and remaining changed to insoluble form Nutrient ’s losses Less nutrients losses rate High nutrients losses rate Releasing type Controlled release Excess release leading to toxicity and soil imbalance Nutrients use ef ficiency Higher Lower Nutrient ’s bioavailability Higher Lower Soil fixation Less High Dispersal of nutrients Uptake insoluble nutrients as in nano- sized Low solubility due to bulk sized Affected surface area Higher Lower 302 Qurat ul Ain et al. nutrients uptake but also potentially decrease the adverse environmental af- fects related with the loss of nutrients ( Al-Mamun et al., 2021 ). Neverthe- less, nano-fertilizers are valuable over the conventional fertilizers as they can improve the soil fertility, yield and the quality parameters of the crop. In addition, optimum dose of nano-fertilizer is bene ficial for crops but the extensive usage in agricultural fields may cause toxicity and biocompati- bility. Furthermore, Replacement of conventional fertilizers by nano- fertilizers might be in fluential attempt toward the sustainable agriculture due to its higher in filtration capacity, nano-size, and very high surface area. In addition, conventional fertilizers are not advantageous in some ways i.e., the organic matters that collected from different plants and animals are not similar that cannot deliver the same nutrients and organic matter as fertilizer ( Toksha et al., 2021 ). However, N, P and K based chemical fertilizer can reach to groundwater and increase the toxicity, also cause soil and air pollution ( Savci, 2012 ). Moreover, the chemical fertilizers (nitrogen, phosphate and potassium- based) are type of a synthetic compound substance which produced for maximizing the crop yield. Under the effect of continuous use of chemical fertilizers, reduced soil fertility and crops productivity is reported which may be due to lower nutrients use ef ficiency ( Li & Wu, 2008 ; Sharma et al., 2014 ). Over dose of P normally fixed in soil and becomes unavailable for plants uptake by forming the chemical bonds with other the nutrients. Pre- vious studies reported that the key mineral nutrients applied to the soil often lost by various ways e.g., N 40% e70%, P 80%e90% and K 50%e90% respectively ( Raliya et al., 2017 ; Zul fiqar et al., 2019 ). Furthermore, nano-fertilizers are considered as slow-release fertilizer to overcome the fluctuations i.e., soil acidity, moisture and temperature to enhance plant growth ( Vega-V asquez et al., 2020 ). Nevertheless, Chhipa and Joshi (2016) stated that the nano-fertilizer has great potential to improve nutrients use ef ficiency, minimize the cost and reduce environmental dete- rioration. As compared with Chemical fertilizers, nano-fertilizer have been found to signi ficantly improve the plants growth i.e., plant height, leaf area, number of leaves and biomass by increasing the photosynthetic pigments and translocation photosynthetic products to different parts of the plant ( Yomso & Menon, 2021 ). Nevertheless, eco-friendly approaches like green or biological synthesis of NPs are good alternatives to the chemical fertilizers. The biological syn- thesis of NPs can be from fungi, bacteria and the plants which open the new opportunities for the synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles as eco-friendly Use of nano-fertilizers to improve the nutrient use ef ficiencies in plants 303 fertilizers. So, the nano-fertilizers considered as the vital tool in the new age agriculture sector for better crop growth and enhance the nutrients use ef ficiency. 4. Properties of nano fertilizers The nano-sized fertilizer is a signi ficant scientific material applied in agricultural fields that is considered as a bridge for gap between molecular structure and bulk material. The advantages of nano-fertilizer are due to nano-sized particles that can easily penetrate to plant cells and reach to the soil ( Fatima et al., 2021 ). The eco-friendly, higher in filtration capacity, slow and controlled release, higher surface area, nutrient use ef ficiency, stress resistance ability are the unique properties of the nano-fertilizers (as shown in Fig. 13.1 ) which are helpful for better nutrients management. But some studies revealed that the NPs could cause phytotoxicity through overpro- duction of reactive oxygen species to lead oxidative stress, protein, cell and DNA damage in the plants ( Naderi & Danesh-Shahraki, 2013 ). So, the optimum level of nano sized fertilizer should be recommended for agri- cultural sustainability. Nano-fertilizers are effective agricultural inputs that release the nutrients into soils with controlled manner ( Singh et al., 2017 ). The formulation of nano-fertilizer through slow or controlled delivery and conditional release mechanism may have active ingredients to accurately Fig. 13.1 The properties of nano-fertilizer for better nutrients management. 304 Qurat ul Ain et al. respond the biological demands and environmental triggers ( Subramanian et al., 2015 ). Furthermore, nano-fertilizers act as slow-release to overcome the fluctuations such as temperature, moisture, and soil acidity and to boost the plant growth more ef ficiently ( Vega-V asquez et al., 2020 ). Moreover, Cui et al. (2010) stated that the nano-fertilizer could enhance the duration of nutrient release due to its small size particles. The size of the engineered or naturally occurring nano-material range typically between 1 and 100 nm. The nano-fertilizer has property of solubility which supports the insoluble nutrients to increase its dispersion and bioavailability. Another property of nano-fertilizer is high surface area that regulate the various metabolic pro- cesses in plants and assist in higher production of photosynthates ( Shukla, 2019 ). So, nano-fertilizer has the unique properties due to minute size which are being explored for new opportunities in the agriculture. More- over, molecular properties of the nano-fertilizers are totally diverse from the bulk materials due higher surface-to-volume ratio and small size. Thus, nano-fertilizer must be prepared that can retain the essential proper- ties, such as controlled release, higher solubility and stability, increase tar- geted activities with actual dose for lower eco-toxicity due to safe and easy delivery. 5. Nano-fertilizers for better plant growth and nutrition use efficiency (NUE) The nano-fertilizer is the vital tools in agriculture to increase the crop growth and production with increasing nutrients use ef ficiency (NUE) and decrease the nutrients losses and cost of cultivation ( Singh, 2017 ). However, Cui et al. (2010) speci fied that the nano-fertilizers enhance the efficiency and uptake capacity of the nutrients from soil and reduce the nutrients loss to boost the crop productivity. Furthermore, the higher surface area in- creases the reactivity of nano-fertilizer with some other compounds, and improve the nutrients uptake and nutrient use ef ficiency (NUE) in plants ( Shukla, 2019 ). The precision nano fertilizers might have been a very valu- able feature for accurate nutrient management with better crop growth as shown in Fig. 13.2 . This feature of preciseness may provide nutrient throughout the crop growth period as and when in required quantity. As discussed above, the nano-fertilizer due to ‘nano’ nature have higher surface area, sophisticated absorption capacity, and controlled-release to the targeted sites resulting in increased uptake in plant cells and by minimizing nutrient loss. Notably, the proper usage to certain optimum concentrations may Use of nano-fertilizers to improve the nutrient use ef ficiencies in plants 305 contribute to the crop growth and bring positive desired effects. Improper concentration of nano-fertilizer i.e., low or over concentration causes the various physiological changes like it can increase various enzyme activities which not needed. Likewise, foliar spray at improper concentration or over dose affect the seedling growth, oxidative stress and exhibited toxicity ( Chinnamuthu & Boopathi, 2009 ). The shoot and root length were regu- lated with dosage concentrations, and fruit traits like diameter, weight, num- ber of fruits also affected ( Fern andez-Luque~no et al., 2014 ). Nano-fertilizer has greater opportunities to improve inputs use ef fi- ciency, minimize costs and also reduce environmental deterioration ( Chhipa, 2017 ). The advantageous effects of various nano-fertilizers on crops are presented in Table 13.2 . Nano-fertilizers affect seed germination, chlorophyll content degradation, fresh and dry weight and relative growth rate of plants. Foliar application has ability to improve the ef ficiency and also rapidity of utilization of nutrients urgently required by the plants and it can increase the growth and yield. Also, this foliar application can cause some effects because of immediate uptake by leaves; it can cause changes in their structure and can cause phytotoxicity which also affects human ( Davarpanah et al., 2016 ). Proper concentration of nano fertilizer can improve the number of flowers and can improve the number of grains which directly can improve yield. Also, a reduction in nitrogen fixation also can decrease yield. Nano fer- tilizers applied by foliar can adversely affect seedling growth ( Jyothi & Heb- sur, 2017 ). Additionally, nano-fertilizers are mainly synthesized and Fig. 13.2 Schematic representation of nano-fertilizer application for nutrients use effi- ciency and growth improvement in plants. 306 Qurat ul Ain et al. Table 13.2 Role of different nano-fertilizer for better nutrients use efficiency (NUE) and growth in plants. Nano-fertilizer Dose/concentration Application method Plant species Effect on plants References Nano chitosan-NPK 400 e500 mg/kg Spray Wheat Increase yield and yield attributes ( Abdel-Aziz et al., 2016 ) Synthetic apatite NPs (as P) 100 mg/L Growing media Soybean Increase above ground and below ground biomass and yield ( Liu & Lal, 2014 ) Nano-CuO 75 600 mg/kg Soil Onion Increase NUE ( Wang et al., 2020 ) Nano-Cu 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg Soil Brassica rapa Improve Cu uptake ( Deng et al., 2020 ) ZnO nanomaterial 0 e500 mg/kg Soil Phaseolus vulgaris Increase NUE and plant growth ( Medina-Velo et al., 2017 ) Fe 2 O 3 NPs 2 e1000 mg/kg Soil Peanut Enhance Fe uptake, biomass, and SPAD values, plant hormones and antioxidant ’s enzyme activity ( Rui et al., 2016 ) Fe, P, K N/A Soil Crocus sativus L. Improve flowering traits e.g., dry saffron yield, flower number, stigma length etc. ( Amirnia et al., 2014 ) Fe-NFs 35, 75, and 150 mmol 57 Fe pot 1 Soil Soybean Increase Fe uptake and plant growth ( Cieschi et al., 2019 ) Nano-FeO 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 g/L Spray Glycine max Yield, leaf, and pod dry weight increased. ( Sheykhbaglou et al., 2010 ) IO-NPs 1, 2, 4, and 6 g/L Seed treatment Maize ( Continued) Use of nano-fe rtilizers to improve the nutrient use ef fi ciencies in plants 307 Table 13.2 Role of different nano-fertilizer for better nutrients use efficiency (NUE) and growth in plants.dcont'd Nano-fertilizer Dose/concentration Application method Plant species Effect on plants References Improve growth and chlorophyll content ( Pariona et al., 2017 ) Nano-Fe2O3 500 and 4000 ppm Seed treatment Peanut Increase protein content ( Suresh et al., 2016 ) NPK N/A Ultra sonication method Vigna raidata L. Improve enzyme activity and seed vigor index ( Celsia & Mala, 2014 ) Nano-size calcite product of CaCO 3 , SiO 2 , MgO and Fe 2 O 3 0.5 g/L Spray Grapevine Improve the vine growth, yield, the nutrient contents ( Sabir et al., 2014 ) Nano-Fe2O3 2, 20, and 50 mg/L Seed treatment Watermelon Increase germination, seedling growth and activities of antioxidant enzymes ( Li et al., 2013 ) gFe2O3 50, 100, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/ L Spray and soil amendment Soybean Increase root and shoot growth, and photosynthetic ef ficiency ( Alidoust & Isoda, 2013 ) Zn-Nps 50 e2000 mg/L Spray Maize Enhancing growth, yield, and yield attributes. ( Subbaiah et al., 2016 ) ZnO 250 e1000 mg/kg Soil Green pea Increase Zn uptake and photosynthetic pigments ( Mukherjee et al., 2016) 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 g/ L Seed treatment Capsicum annuum L. Enhanced the length of root and shoot, seed ( Afrayeem & Chaurasia, 2017 ) 308 Qurat ul Ain et al. germination, and seedling growth 2, 4, 8 & 16 mg/L Soil Lycopersicum esculentum Increased growth, photosynthetic ef ficiency, antioxidant enzymes, and proline accumulation ( Faizan et al., 2018 ) 2 g/L Spray Sun flower Increased leaf area, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll content, net carbon dioxide assimilation rate, and Zn content ( Torabian et al., 2016 ) Nano-Cu 80 mg/kg Soil Coriandrum sativum Increased Cu accumulation. ( Zuverza-Mena et al., 2015 ) CeO2 400 mg/L Hydroponic Cucumber Increase the scratch and globulins content ( Zhao et al., 2014 ) C-NTs 0.05 e0.1 mg/L Soil Date palm Increase morphological growth ( Taha et al., 2016 ) TiO 2 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 g/L Soil Wheat Increase seed germination and shoot eroot growth ( Ramesh et al., 2014 ) Use of nano-fe rtilizers to improve the nutrient use ef fi ciencies in plants 309 incorporated to improve productivity and quality of the crops along with an increase in nutritional value. The macronutrients and micronutrients pro- vided by the nano-fertilizers can improve organic matter and microorgan- isms ( Achari & Kowshik, 2018 ). The increase in antioxidant activity, concentration difference, inhibited photorespiration, reduce inorganic ni- trogen fixation, chlorophyll degradation all these affect the nutritional value ( Kumar et al., 2021 ). This positive result of nano-fertilizers might be due to structure, fixation, concentration, biochemical and physical properties. Furthermore, nano-fertilizers are effective overcome damage and effects of salinity, stress, drought, flooding, temperature fluctuations, heat stress, oxidative stress, and excessive light on crops. Like, biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles were reported to helpful for the enhancement of phosphorus mobilization in Mung bean rhizosphere ( Raliya et al., 2016 ). The bio-safety considerations with toxicity at higher concentrations of nano fertilizers and multiple turns of NPK nano fertilizer usage in Pisum sativum plants is exam- ined ( Khalifa & Hasaneen, 2018 ). The development of environmentally friendly biodegradable bio-polymer Chitosan nanostructures supplying sal- icylic acid and Copper to plants in a slow and sustained manner for an extended period of time is reported ( Sharma et al., 2020 ). The dosage of Chitosan-based nano- fiber was reportedly resulted in enhancement of plant height, and antioxidant activity ( Mirheidari et al., 2022 ). Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is used to regulate blood pressure cholesterol and triglyceride levels. There are reports about improving phar- maceutical results of sweet basil plant with a green route produced zinc nano-complex and iron containing nanoliposome ( Farshchi et al., 2021 ; Tavallali et al., 2018 ). The usage of these nano materials could effectively replace the traditional fertilizer and increase the oil content in the plant. The combined dose of chemical fertilizer and nano chelated fertilizer when supplemented to peppermint plant, resulted in enhanced essential oil quality and quantity ( Ostadi et al., 2020 ). 6. Formulation of nano-fertilizer for smart nutrients delivery Nanofertilizers is a nano-sized fertilizer that might be used as slow- release fertilizer to increase the nutrients use ef ficiency in crop plants and avoid the losses of the nutrients to environment. By absorption or adsorption in a matrix, nanostructured components in nano-fertilizer are frequently included in a carrier complex ( Khan et al., 2021 ). Farmers throughout the 310 Qurat ul Ain et al. world are faced with the onerous job of feeding more mouths each year from agricultural lands that are decreasing as a result of global population growth and rising urbanization ( Kumar et al., 2021 ). Satellite photographs suggest that the world ’s fertile land is fast running out, whereas the produc- tion of food may soon be enough to keep pace along the world ’s increasing human food consumption. Food grain output has been declining for the past decade, causing concern. Nanotechnology can boost agricultural output by improving plant and animal genetics and delivering molecules to particular places to living cells ( Chhipa, 2017 ). Because there are limited arable lands and water supplies, the agricultural industry can only expand by increasing resource usage ef ficiency while causing the least amount of harm to the pro- duction bed through the proper application of contemporary technology. Nanotechnology, for example, has in fluenced farming practices, biomedical, geotechnical engineering, safety and wellbeing, water management, ther- modynamic ef ficiency, and a range of certain other sectors ( Manjunatha et al., 2016 ). Nanostructured formulations might release their active compo- nents more quickly in response to environmental cues and biological needs, thanks to methods including targeted delivery, sustained and transitive release. According to studies, using nano-fertilizers increases nutrient utiliza- tion ef ficiency decreases soil toxicity, reduces the possible negative conse- quences of overdosing, and reduces the frequency of application. As a result, nanotechnology holds a lot of promise for attaining sustainable agri- culture, particularly in underdeveloped nations ( Sabourin, 2015 ). 7. Macronutrients based nano-fertilizers Macronutrients are essential for soil fertility and to increase the plant growth e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, silicon, calcium have major role in plant metabolic processes. Nitrogen is included in a range of struc- tural, genetic, and metabolic components in plant cells. It ’s an important Download 0.88 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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