System of signs

The subprincipal of quantity. More form – more meaning, less form – less meaning. Sometimes reduplication is used for forming the plural forms of words.
To be polite is to say more.
The principle of symbolicity.
The principle of simplicity refers to cases of conventional pairing of formal meaning that can be found in the language. F.e. using mobile phones.
The principle of indexicality.

The subprincipal of deictic orientation. The speaker sees the arrangement of objects of extralinguistic reality from his own perspective. WE describe objects as we would describe ourselves. F.e. the left and the right of the car.
The subprincipal anthropocentricity. The anththropocentric perspective of the world follows from the fact that we are interested first of all in ourselves and we, humans, occupy a privileged position in the description of events.
If the sentence describes a human, “he” or “she” is usually a subject , f.e. : She knows the poem by heart.
If we take the English language, it has special personal pronounce for males and females, “he” or “she”, and only one “it” for things.
There are three relative pronounce which refer to human (“who”, “whose”, “whom”) and only one “which”.
There is a special possessive form for humans ” ’(e)s”.
They were formulated by Saussure:
1) The link between signifier and signified is arbitrary (условная).
2) The nature of signifier is linear (линейная). It means that its elements are presented in the form of a chain.
3) Immutability (неизменяемость) and mutability (изменяемость) at the same time.
Immutability – the signifier is fixed, not free with respect to the linguistic community that uses it.
Mutability – in the cause of time there can take place a shift in the relationship between the signifier and the signified. Language never exists apart from society and it changes together with it.
4) Linguistic signs are natural because languages are the only natural systems of communication.