Takrortanish jarayonlarining uchxil kuririshlari va Paskalning ularga mos opera torlori

1. 
   Takrortanish jarayonlarining uchxil kuririshlari va Paskalning ularga mos opera torlori.
   
2. 
   Awal sharti tekshiri/adigan (old shartli -«xozircha») takrorla­nish jarayonk
   
3. 
   Sharti kfyfn tekshiri/adigan (keti shartli -«gacha») takrorla- nish jarayoni.
   
4. 
   Parametrll takrorlanish jarayoni.
   
5. 
   Murakkab takrorlanish jarayonlari.
   

6-Xulosa.





Shu paytgaoMj chlkilgan operator laming xammasl ailk blr maotoba bajarlladlgan buyruklar tlzlmlnl tashkll aadl. Kurib chlkilgan operatorlar orkall fakat oddly xlsoblashlaralglna bajartsh murnkln. Xaklkatdan bunday oddly kurinisbdagi masalalarga dastur tuzJb, uni EXM ga klrltib, xatosi bulsa uni tuglrlab natija olishga sarflangan vaktnl yannislnl sarflangan xolda, bunday masalalaral oddly kalkulyatorda xam, dastur 1 tuzmasdan xlsoblash mumkin.

Amaliyotda: murakkab Jarayonlami dasturlashda malum buyruklar ketma- ketliglnl ma lum shartlar asoskla kayta-kayta bajarish zarurlyati niglladi. Yukorida utilgan mamzalardan bilamizkl, malum blr uzganivchinlng turil kiymatlarida malum buyruklar tlzlmlnlng blror blr konunlyatlga asosan kayta-kayta bajarlllshl takrorlanuvchl xlsoblash Jarayonl (tslkl) deb ataladl.

Takiorlanuvchl xlsoblash Jarayonining takror-ukror xlsoblana-dlgan klsmlnl takrorlanishnlng tanasi deb ataladLTakrorlanish IchSda klymatlarl uzgarib boradlgan uzgaruvchtni takrorlailsh uzgaruvchisi yoki takrorlanishnlng boshkamvchi uzgaruvchisi (tsfld parametri) deb yuridladi. Takrorlanuvchl Jarayannlng algorftmi unumiy xolda kuyidagilarni uz ichlga olishl kerale LTakrorlanishnl tayyorlash - takrarlanlshni boshlashdan oldln, tak-rorlanlshda katnashadlgan uzgaruvchilarnlng bosh Ian gleh klymatlarl yokl takrorlanlsh uzgaruvchlslnlng boshlanglch kiymat! nmatllacll, takrorlanlsh uzganivchlstnlng uzgarlsh kadaml belgllanadl.

ZTakrorlanlsh tanasi - takrorlanlsh uzfpruvchllarinlng turll klymatlarl uchun takror bajariladigan amallar ketma-ketligl kursatilad.

3. 
   Takrorlanlsh uzgaruvchlsiga yangl kiymat berish - xar blr takror-lanlshdan awal uzgaruvchiga uzgarlsh kadamiga mos ravishda yangl kiymat berUadi.
   
4. 
   Takrorlanishnl boshkarlsh - takrarlanlshni davom ettirish shard tekshlriladi, takrorlanishnlng roshqp utlsh kursallad!.
   

ZTakrorlanish operatorining uch xil kurinishlarl va Paskalning ularga mos operatorlarL





Paskal algorltmik cllida uch xll kurlnishda takrorlanivchi xisoblash jarayonlnl

V w\ I w • Mam

tashkll ktllsh mumkln va bu Jarayonlaml dasturlash uchun maxsus operatorlar bilgflanga:

-awal sharti tekshlrlladlgan (sharti oidln kelgan "xozircha”) takrorlanish Jarayoni, bu maxsus WHILE operator! orkali am alga oshb-Uadl;

•sharti keyin tekshlrlladlgan ("...gacha") takrorlanish Jarayoni, bu Jaayonni maxsus REPEAT d^eraiflH prkall amalga oshiriladi:

-parametrll takrorlanish Jarayoni, bu Jarayon maxsus FOR operator! yordamida amalga oshiriladlr

Yukorlda keltirilgan Jarayonlar ustida aloxkla- aloxida tuxtalib utanlz.

Awal sharti tekshlrlladlgan (old shartli) takrorlanish Jaayonl.

Takrorianuvchl Jaayonlnlng bu kurinishl takrorlanish son! oldln-dan nomalum bulgan xollada, yanl takrorlanlshdan chlklsh malum shanga bogllk bulgan xollarda ishlailadi. Takrorlanishnlng bu Jarayonkla takrorlanlshdan chlklsh shaft! takrorlanish tanasihi'bajarishdan oldin tekshiriladi.

Ushbu operatomingumumly kurinishl kuyidagichadir:

::qWHILE DO yokl WHILE L DO M bu erda

WHILE -xozircha, do-bajarish ma'noslni anglatuvchi xizmatchi suzlar, L-mantlkly ifoda, M-operaodttj&kl operatorlar gunixl u takror-lanlsh tanaslnl belgllaydl. Takrorlanish tanaslda bltta yokl blr nechta operatorlar guruxi bulishl mumkln. Bunda operatorlar gunixl albatta Begin va End operatorlarl orasida yozillshl kerak. Operatomlngbajarillshi kuyldagichac L mantlkiy ifodanlng kiymati xisoblanadi.

Agar L mantlkiy ifoda' rost kiymatga ega bulsa, M operator! bajariladi va bu operator L mantlkiy ifodaning kiymati yolgon bulgungacha kayta-kayta bajailadi. Agar L mantlkiy ifodaning kiymati blrinchi tekshirishdayok yolgon bulsa M operatorl blron marta xam bajaribnaydl va boshkaruv WHILE operatoridan keying! operatorga uzatiladi. Agar L mantlkiy ifoda rost bulib, EXM M operatornl bijarlsh





davomida, blror sababga kura takrorlanishdan chikish talib etllsa, u xolda Paskal

algor itmlk tilida EXIT operatorl or kail amalga oshlriladi.

50. 
    mlsol. Bizga A xaklkly son berllgan bulsln. Shunday eng klchlk butun musbat К
    

son 1 nl toplsh talab killnslnkl. bu son

3k>A

shartlni bajarsin.

Echish. Masalani/dasturlni tuzish uchun 3 ifodaning klymatini saklaydigan kushtmcha uzgamvdti kactallk kirgtzishbniz iozim. Agar, biz bu kanalikni U Identifikatori bilan belgllasak, u xolda K=Oda u=l dan boshlabbitta kadam bilan uzgarishida 3 fonnulanl (darajaga kutarishnl) U=U*3 rekkurent formula bilan almashtlranlz. U xolda EXMni takrorlanlshdagl xlsobdan chikish shartl U>A buladi.

. operaiordan foydalanlb. ushbu mlsolni echish dasturini


y:=y*3;k:=k+l;
wrllcln (‘ks’^.’ys’jy)
end;
end.

Natija, M=30 son uchun eng kichik К son 4 ekan.

2. 
   mlsol: Ushbu ifodaningkiymatini toplsh dasturi WHILE operator! yordanida
   tuzllsin:
   

y= ; Xb<=x<=x




ARXIV.UZ


Var k; integeny m; real;
Begin

U:=L; k:=l; m:=30;

While y<=m do
begin








davomida, blror sababga kura takrorlanlshdan chlklsh talib etilsa. u xolda Paskal algor Itmlk tlllda EXIT operatorl or kali amalga oshtriladl.

1. 
   mlsol. Bizga A xaklkiy son berllgan bulsln. Shunday eng klchlk butun musbat К
   

son ini toplsh talab killnslnkl. bu son

3k>A

shartlnl bajarsin.

Echlsh. Masalani/dasturlni tuzish uchiyi 3 ifodaning kiymatlni saklaydigan kushimcha uzgaravdii kattallk kLrglzishimlz' lozim. Agar, biz bu kattaliknl U IdentIfikatori bilan belgilasak, u xolda K=Oda u=l dan boshlabbitta kadam bilan uzgarlshlda 3 fonnulanl (darajaga kutarishni) U=U*3 rekkurent formula bilan alniashtlramlz. U xolda EXMni takrorlanlshdagi xlsobdan chlklsh sharti U>A buladi.

. operaiordan foydalanlb. ushbu misolnl echlsh dasturinl


y:=y*3;k:=k+l;
wrlteln (‘ks’^.’ys’jy)
end;
end.

Natlja, M=30 son uchun eng klchlk К son 4 ekan.

2. 
   mlsol: Ushbu ifodaningkiymatini toplsh dasturi WHILE operatorl yordanlda
   tuzllsln:
   

y= ; Xb<=x<=x




ARXIV.UZ


Var k; integeny m; real;
Begin

U:=I; k:=l; m:=30;

While y<=m do
begin








bu erda xv va xo mos layishdaxkettaUginkig boshlanglch va oxlrgl klymatlarl. h

V 1^ w\ I w • Mm

unlng uzgarlsh kadaml. program prwel (Input .ouput): uses printer; var

x,y,xb,xo,h: real;

r^oi^Rxiv.uz

read (xb,xo,h); x:qxb;

while x<=xo do begin

y: =(x*x*x-4*x+

wrlteln(ist.'yq:Y); f ARXIV.UZ

x;=x+h;

end

end.

Sharti key in tekshiriladigan takrorlanlsh jarayoni

Takrorlanlsh Jarayonlnlng bu kurlnishl xam takrorlaiish sonl oldln-dan malum bulmagan xollarda ishlaiiladi. Bunday Jsrayonda blror buyruknl yokl buyruklar tlziml berllgan start bajarilgunga kadar takror va takror bajariladl. Bu Jarayoiml awalglsldai farkl shunda-ki. bunda takrorlanishnlng tanasi xech bubnaganda blr marta bulsa xan bajariladi. chunkl takrorlanishdan chikish sharti tikrorlanishning tanasi bajarilgandan keyln tekshlriladl.

Bunday takrorlanlsh Jarayonini daauriash

fbydalanlladl. I ARXIV.Ui

Ushbu operatorrtmg umumly kurlnishl kuyidaglcha:

: :qreperat9mixl>untll



>°^kl (ARXIV.UZ

REPEAT M UNTJLLj Bu erda

REPEAT-takrorlamok.UNTiL-^,gacha^,,manoslnl anglatuvchl xlzmatchl suzlar; M-takrorlanlsh tanasi, unlng tarklbida bitta operator yokl operator-lar ginixl bulishi mumkin. Operatorlar gumxini Begin va End oraslga olish shait emas. Operator kuyidagi tart ibda bajarlladi:

-takrorlanish tanaslga kirgan operatorlar birin-ketin bajariladL Sung L mantlkiy ifodaning kiymati¹ toplladl, yani shart tekshl-riladi. Agar bu shart bajarilsa, L ning kiymati TRUE (rost) bulsa, boshkamv takrorlashdan tashkariga, UNTIL suzldan keying! operatorga uzatiladi. Aks xolda takrorlanish davom etadl. Takrorlanish Jarayonlng bunday kurinishl yukorida keitlrllgan takrorlanlshdan shu bilan fark klladlkl, bund a takrorlanish tanasi xech bulmaganda blr m arta bajarlladi.

Misol Oldingi kursattlgan 2-mlsolga REPEAT operatorlni kullab, Paskal algoritmlk tllida dastur tuzilsin. [IV.uz Progpan preper (input.oinpui);

Uses printer;

Var

Xyjcbjco.h: real;

Begin

WrticlnCxbq*oq,fa Д R X I V . U Z

Rcad(xb.xo.h); V ^

X;qxb;

Repeat

У:ф+х*-4 •xQl)G'(xQl);

Wrlteln(lst,yq’,Y);

(arxiv.uz

End.


Paramctrli takrorlanish jarayoni.



>°^kl (ARXIV.UZ

REPEAT M UNTJLLj Bu erda

REPEAT-takrorlamok.UNTlL-^,g3cha^,,manoslnl anglatuvchl xizmatchl suzlar; M-takrorlanlsh tanasi, unlng tarklbida bltta operator yokl operator-lar ginixl bulishi mumkin. Operatorlar guruxini Begin va End orasiga olish shait emas. Operator kuy idagi tart ibda bajariladi:

-takrorlanlsh tanaslga kirgan operatorlar birin-ketin bajariladi. Sung L mantikiy ifodaning kiymati toplladi, yani shart tekshl-riladi. Agar bu shart bajarilsa, L ning kiymati TRUE (rost) bulsa, boshkaniv takrorlashdan tashkariga, UNTIL suzidan keying! operatorga uzatiladi. Aks xolda takrorlanlsh davom etadl. Takrorlanlsh Jarayonlng bunday kurlnishl yukorida keitlrllgan takrorlanlshdan shu bilan fark klladlkl, bund a takrorlanlsh tanasi xech bubnaganda blr ma-ta bajariladi.

Misol Oldingi kursattlgan 2-mlsolga REPEAT operatorlni kullab, Paskal

algoritmlk Hilda dastur tuzilsln. [IV.uz

Progpan preper (input.oinpui);

Uses printer;

Var

Xyjcbjco.h: real;

Begin

WrticlnCxbq*oq,fa Д R X I V . U Z

Rcad(xb.xo.h):

X;qxb;

Repeat

У:ф*х*-4 •xQl)G'(xQl);

Wrlteln(lst,yq’,Y);

(arxiv.uz

End.


Parametrli takrorlanish jarayoni.



Yukorlda keltirllgan takrorlanish operatorlar ini odatda takrorlanish sonl noma I um bulgan^xollarda ishlatlsh maksadga muvoflkdir. Takrorlanish Jarayonlnlng takrorlanish sonl uni bajarlllshldan oldin malum bulsa, xamda takrorlanish uzgaruvchlslning klymatlarl orasldagl fark (uzgarlsh kadaml) lga yokl -lga teng bulsa parametrli takrorlanish operatoridan foydalanish kulay.

Bu buyrukning dasturdagl umumly yozlllsh konsmiktsiyasi kuyldagl kurlnlshga

*^8adlr /дру|у UZ

::= *

FOR :qTO (DOWNTO) DO

Yokl FOR V:=LI TO (DOWNTO) L2 DO M

Bu erda FOR -operawming noml; V-takrorlailsh uzgaruvchlslning noml; LI, L2- mosravlshda V nlng boshlanglch wkuyj kiymati; TO* “gacha" manoslnl anglatuvchl xtzigerchl'Sdz; DOWNTO -V nlng kiymati -lga uzgarganda TO nlng urniga ishlatiladl; DO-bajarilsin degan manonl anglatadi; M-takrorlanish tanasi. Tanada blr nechta operator bulsa, ular Begin va end xlzmatchl suzlari orasida yozziladl.

Takrorllanlsh uzgamvchlslnlng tolfasl REAL va cheklanmagan INTEGER tolfasldan tashkarl barcha oddiy toifalarda berJlishimumkin va uningklymatlarl orasldagl fark blttakaualikka teng.

LI va L2 V nlng tolfasldag kattallklar bu I lb. unlng urnlda uzgaruvchl nomllarlnl, ifodalaml va uzgaimaslaml ishlatlsh mumkin.

Operatomlnglshlash tartlbi kuyidagicha;

-takrorlanish tanasi takrorlanish uzgaruvchlslning xamma klymatlarl uchun (boshlanglch kiymatdan kuyi kiymatigacha) kayta-kayta takrorlanadL Takrorlanish operatoida TO ishlatilgan'da V>L2 sharti, DOWNTO IshlatUganda VL2 bulishi kerak.

-suill konstruktslya Ishlatlladi. Bu>, operator lam 1 kuyldagi kurlnlshlarda yozish

1. 
   xol for xx] a to b do y.qm uzganivchllar for x:»b downto a do yr«m
   
2. 
   xol for x:=qa+b to c*k do y:=k ifodalar for x:qc*k downto a Qb do y:=m
   
3. 
   xolforx:=l tol^dayhjn uzgaimaslar
   

for x:=15 downto ld/^JIr Л1 V .UZ

2-Mi sol: yqx ifodani x=!0 dan boshlab 100 gacha 1 ta kadam bilan uzgartirlb, u Ifodani kiymatlarinl topish dasjurlni tuzlng.

Echish: Bu mi sol uzgamvchlU takrorlanlsh jarayonlga man sub bulib.bu erda: x*boshkar1sh uzgaruvchisi;

U-boshkarlsh uzganivchlsinlng boshlanglch kiymati 10 ga teng;

12-boshkarish uzgaruvchistnlng oxirgl kiymati 100 ga teng:

Parametrli takrorlanlsh jarayonga teglshli for operatorlni kullab. masalani echish dasturining bulaglni yozamlz:

For x:=l to 100 doy:=x*x

Kuyfda ushbu operatorlardan foydalanib misollar echamiz.

1. 
   Mi sol: 2-mlsolnl fouj^eratorldan foydalanib 10” yordamchi suzll konstruktslyasidan foydalanib dasturtuzilsln.
   

Program prfor (input,ouput):

Uses printer;

Var

Х.удЬ.Ьх: real; n,l:integer;

begin writeln (']
read (xb.xo.hx);
n: =trunc((xo-xb;

x:qxb:

for l:=l to n do


RXIV.UZ

begin

ARXIV.UZ


y:q(x*x*x-4*xQJJp£j(xft*);

writeln (lst.*y»\y);

x:«xQxh;

end

end.

2. 
   Misol: 2-misolni for operatoridan foydalanib "downto ” yordamchi suzii
   konstruktsiyasidan foydalanib dasturtuzilsin.
   

Program prfot (input ouput);

Uses printer;

Var

Х.удЬ.хо.Ьх: real;

N.kinteger;


Writeln(‘xb=,xo

Read(xb.xo.hx);

N:qtnmc ((xo-xb)G'hx)Ql ;
X:=xb;


Writeln (Ist.’y»’^);

X:=xQhx;

End;

End.

Bulardan tashkari, lotln alfaviti tart ibIangan bulgani uchun bu malumotlarni sikl paranetri kiymatlWi sifat tda ish lari sh mumkin, masalan:

For t:q’a’K> ⁴d’ do y:qcQt

Yokl For t:q’d’ downto ‘a’ do yqcQt Bu erda, t-tsikl parametri;

11 -sikl p ar an etrin ing boshlanglch kiymati. a-ga teng;

Begin











12-sikl parametriritng oxlrgl kiymati, d-ga tc-ng: m-umlga esa y:qcQt ifoda tugri keladl.

Ml sol -1:

Program prch (input ,ai put):

Uses punter,

Yar

(arxiv.uz

For t:=’a’to *z’ <ю Begin

Write In (ist.t.ord (t));

End;

Readln s 4

m (ARXIV.UZ

Mi sol-2

Program prch (Input,ouput);

Uses printer,

Var

I: integer;

(ARXIV.UZ

For I: =97 to 122

Write In (Ist.l.’s’.chr (I));

End.

4. 
   Murakkab takrorlanish Ja-ayonlarl
   

Yukorida keltirllgan operatorlar asoslda murakkab takrorlanish la- tashkil kilish mumkin. Agar takrorlanish Jarycnlarlning tanasi takrorlanish strukturasidan tashkil topgan bulsa, u&olda bunday takrorlanish ichma-lch joylashgan yokl murakkab deb ataladl, у an I boshkacha klllb aytganda, bltta takrorlanish Ichlga blr yokl blr necha boshka takrorlanlshlar klrsa murakkab strukturall takrorlanishII dasturlar





xosil buladi. Bosbka takrorlanish Jarayoni?Ini yz Ichlga olgan takrorlanish tashkl takrorlanish deb ataladj.

Takrorlanish Jarayonlarinl Ichlda Joylashgan takrorlanish Ichkl takrorlanish deb ataladL

Zqsln xQcos у funktsiyanlng kiymatlni x va

U uzgaruvchilarining xv

™m_FuGrxiv.uz

l,j,nx,ny: integer^

X,xo,hx,hn,z:real;

Begin

Read(xo,hx ,yo,hy,yn);

Wrlteln(‘ xOq';xo, ’bxq’hx/xn);

Write In (‘yoq’Jiyt^yn^ RXIV.UZ

Px:qtrunc((xnqxo)G'hx).Q 1 Nyiqtmnc ((yn-yo)G'hy)Ql;

X:qxo;

For l:ql to nx do

Begin*tashki takrorlanlshnl bosh lash*


For J:ql to ny &

Begln*lchkl takrorlanlshnl bosh lash*

Z:qsin(x)Qcos(x);

Writeln (‘xq’,x,’yq*y, 'zq’,z);

Y:qyQhy

End; *ichki takrorlanlshnl tugatlsh*

Y:qyo;





X:qxQhx

End; *tashki takrorlanlshnl tugatlsh* End.

Nazorat savollarl:

adabiyotlar ruyxati:

N.Kultln Samouchitel Progranmlrovanic v Turbo Pascal 7.0 I Delphi. Moskva Satk-Peterburg. 1999 g.

V.GAbramov I dr. Vvedenle vyazk PaskaI.-M.:Naidea, 19в8. Sagatov M.V.,Yokubov OX Informatlka ( maruzalar matnl) Toshkcnt-2000^ p у | у UZ

V»WW.t|MlA|p ^ www.uzedd.uz