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Types of Epithets
The Fixed Epithet: This is the kind of epithet that’s found in epic poetry. They are made up of repeated use of a word to describe a single object. Examples can be found in The Aeneid by Virgil and Homer’s Odyssey. The Argumentative Epithet: Primarily this kind of epithet is found among orators and within short arguments. Keening: is a two-word phrase that describes an object by employing metaphors.As an insult or smear word: a “smear word” epithet connects a derogatory name or meaning for someone or something
Purpose of Epithets
Epithets are used to describe settings, characters, and connects in as much clear detail as possible. They can help a reader engage more deeply with a poem or story by making their chosen subject more interesting and striking. Epithets might also help a writer get their point across using as few words as possible. Consider the Ulysses example from the beginning of this article. Rather than saying “snot-green” Joyce would’ve had to express his distaste while also describing the colour in far more words
Examples of Epithets in Literature Example 1 Beowulf This famous Anglo-Saxon epic poem makes use of several different kinds of epithets. One of the most prominent is known as a keening. The following words are all examples of this particular technique: “sleep of the sword” in reference to death, “wound-sea” in reference to blood and “spear-din” which was used to describe battle. All of these words coney their meaning clearly to the reader while also telling us additional details about how death might arrive and how badly someone is wounded.
Example 2 Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare Famous for coining novel words and phrases that are still in use today, Shakespeare provides a lover of poetry, prose, and drama with something to enjoy on every page. There is one very famous example of an epithet from his best-known play, Romeo and Juliet. Take a look at the lines below:
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross’d lovers take their life;
Whose misadventured piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents’ strife
In the second line of this excerpt, the poet uses the phrase “star-cross’d” or “star-crossed” to describe the relationship between his two protagonists. They are lovers, but that love does not come easily. They are as distant from one another as the stars, alluding to the impossibility of their love and its eventual doom. Since coining this phrase it has been used in countless descriptions of lovers who have no way to be together
Example 3 Beauty and Beauty by Rupert Brooke A simple, yet evocative poem, Brooke’s Beauty and Beauty uses a great deal of figurative language to describe a setting. The imagery is very strong throughout the entire poem. Take a look at these lines from the first and second stanzas.
The earth is crying-sweet,
And scattering-bright the air,
Eddying, dizzying, closing round,
With soft and drunken laughter
One of the common stylistic features in the Iliad and Odyssey by Homer and Shahnameh by Ferdowsi is the use of epithet. By presenting details about characters, objects and the places in a story, epithets create a powerful descriptive structure in order to develop the character and images in the story. The epithets along with the person’s name form a formula, which fills a part of a verse and play an important role in the poem’s rhythm. Thus, it can be said that epithets help the poet in the description, narration and the music of the poem and help the reader or audience to better understand the story. The present study attempts to define the epithets and mention numerous examples, so as to show the effect of using them in developing the characters, image and the rhythm in Iliad and Odyssey and Shahnameh.
In linguistics terms are often used: expressive means of language, expressive means of language, stylistic means, stylistic techniques. These terms are often used synonymously, sometimes with different content. It is not easy to draw a clear line between expressive means of language and stylistic devices of language, though there are differences between them . By expressive means of language we will understand such morphological, syntactic and word-formative forms of language that serve for emotional or logical strengthening of speech. These forms of language are worked out by public practice, are conscious of their functional purpose and are recorded in dictionaries. What should be understood as a stylistic device? Before answering this question, we will try to define characteristic features of this concept. The stylistic device is distinguished and thus contrasted with the expressive means by a conscious literary processing of a linguistic fact. This conscious literary processing of language facts, including those we call expressive means of language, has its own history. Many researchers have repeatedly noted that their most vivid reflection of stylistic device found in the poetic text. Stylistic devices are means of communication proposals in the structure of a complex poetic whole, they contribute to the overall expressiveness of the poetic text, the organization of its special rhythm. In stylistics, there is also such a concept as a poetic device. Most often imagery and expressiveness is achieved through the stylistic use of lexical units. The author uses words in the figurative sense (in the form of metaphors, metonymies, synecdotes or epithets), compares them with the meaning of other words (by comparison), contrasts different meanings within the same word or the meaning of words - homonyms, etc The author refers to the following poetic methods: epithets, comparison, metaphor, personification, metonymy, lithot, hyperbole, oxymoron, pun, etc. Poetisms are a heterogeneous layer of words in modern English, including archaisms, which are enlivened by poets in special stylistic tasks, such as the use of words such as whilome, ne, leman and many others in the first verses of the first song "Child-Harold". These archaic poetisms also include forms that are outdated in modern English, such as the 3rd person singular of the present simple tense,-eth (casteth), and words, one meaning of which is outdated.For example, in the sentence "Deserted is my own good hall, its hearth is desolate" - the word "hall" has the meaning palace - дворец, замок, дом - which meaning is now archaic.Here are some examples of the most common poetisms of the English language. Nouns: billow (wave), swain (peasant), main (sea). Appendices: yon (there), staunch (firm), hallowed (holy). Verbs: quit (leave), fare (walk), trow (believe). Past forms of the verbs are preferred: wrought (worked), bade (bid), clad (clothed). Adverbs: haply (perhaps), oft (often), whilome (formerly). Pronouns: thee, ye, aught (anything), naught (nothing). Interjecions: albeit 'although'), ere (before) o'er (over), and others.In addition to archaisms, poetics include words which, due to their frequent use in poetry, have not become archaisms, i.e., have not become outdated in their use, but have crystallized as certain poetic terminology. In other words, they can be considered as poetic terms. Such words include the words bard poet, woe grief, billow wave, steed and charger horse, and others.Some neologisms, created by the classics of English poetry and remaining in the sphere of their individual use, should also be referred to as poetisms. Most often these are complex words. Here are some examples of such complex words from Byron's works: goar- faced, dew-drops, sea- mew, long-reluctant, wave- reflected, dark- glancing (daughters), sea- girt (citadel), blood- red, awe- struck (world) and many others [2].Direct sound imitation is the creation of an independent word in which the combination of sounds is designed to produce the desired sound. Examples of direct sound imitation are the sound imitation words above. There are few such words in a language, and their purpose is not only to name phenomena, but also to reproduce them with a sound recording. For example: ting-tang, ping-pong, tap. These words can be called sound metaphors of the language.Just like ordinary metaphors, they create an image. However, unlike lexical metaphors, an image is created not by visual, but by sound. The word to mew, just like the Russian word мяукать, not only objectively calls an action related to its producer (a cat), but also creates a sonic image. Hence, direct sound imitation as it is realized in separate words is impossible without realization of subject-logicmeaning. Indirect sound imitation is a reproduction of any sound in nature by means of combination of different sounds in different words Thus, indirect sound imitation is a special form of alliteration: sounds repeated in different words create an objectively existing sound, causing association with the manufacturer (source) of the sound in the individual perception of the author. For example, in the motor line of the patrol cursor, repeating the sound [p] in different words of this line creates the impression of a knock of the motor. In line: And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain... (E.A. Poe), the alliteration of the sound [s] to some extent (in the individual perception of the poet) reproduces the rustling of a curtain driven by the wind.