Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
Download 0.82 Mb. Pdf ko'rish
|
teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-routledge-education-books
Glossary
226 hierarchy as the person being talked about; in an educational context, usually students of the same age and level. performance see competence. performative According to the philosopher Austin, words like promise in which the saying of the word is the doing of the act. ‘I promise I will’ is to make the promise, but ‘I eat the bread’ is not to eat it. perlocution A perlocutionary act is one which has an effect on the person communicated with, thus if I scare, convince, persuade or inspire someone, I have not merely done something to them but I have changed them in some way. Cf. illocution. phoneme The smallest unit of sound which can be used in meaningful contrast with other sounds in a particular language. Thus the sounds contrasted by a and u in bad and bud or by b and m in bad and mad are phonemes of English. phonetics The study of sounds used in speaking. Usually divided into articulatory phonetics (the study of the organs of speech in use) and acoustic phonetics (the study of the physical properties of the sounds used). Cf. phonology. phonetic transcription The written record of the sounds used in speech requiring a special alphabet. A phonemic transcription limits itself to the sound distinctions necessary to distinguish words meaningfully. Phonetic transcriptions attempt more precisely to indicate the exact quality of the sounds produced. See IPA. phonics An approach to teaching reading which concentrates on building up the sound of the word from the sounds associated with the individual letters. Cf. look and say. phonology The study of the way in which the sounds in a language are organised to express meaning. See phoneme; cf. phonetics. phrase structure In TG the rules which form the base component of the grammar, and show the basic structure of the sentence, using categories to be found in many other grammatical descriptions. Example of PS rule: NP————> Det +N i.e. Noun Phrase consists of determiner +noun e.g. the girl pidgin A limited language which is developed for (usually commercial) contact between two groups of speakers of different languages. Cf. creole. pitch The high or low sound quality of the voice, measurable in frequencies. This will vary over an extended stretch of speech, and movement in pitch may convey grammatical meaning, e.g. He spoke? v. He spoke. In tone languages, the same sounds may be spoken at different pitches to produce words of totally different meanings. practice stage In most language teaching, follows the presentation stage Glossary 227 (q.v.) and consists of opportunities for students themselves to master the new item(s). presentation stage The point (usually at the beginning of the lesson) when new material is introduced by the teacher. Followed by practice stage. production stage The part of the lesson where students use language meaningfully, following presentation and practice stages (q.v.). Sometimes used for any occasions when students either speak or write, however uncommunicatively. proxemics The study of how human beings position themselves in relation to each other. Much communication is subtly adjusted by distance, where and how people touch, what posture they adopt, etc. Varies from culture to culture. Cf. body language; kinesics. psycholinguistics The study of all psychological issues relating to language, particularly first and second language learning, the relationship between language and concept formation, and language disorders. Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©fayllar.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling