Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
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suprasegmental.
selection see also sequencing; grading. The decision about which items should be taught in the syllabus for a particular course. SELMOUS Universities preparing Special English Language Material for Overseas University Students. C/o CILT (q.v.). semantic field The general area of meaning covered by particular lexical items in relation to other items. (1) The item plant belongs to two fields: (a) that including tree, bush and grass, and (b) that including machinery, factory and industry. (2) Uncle in English contrasts with aunt in covering male siblings of both mother and father. Cf. lexical set. semantics The study of meaning and how it is expressed through language and in particular languages. semiotics The science of signs. Saussure saw linguistics as a part of semiotics, in that language is only the most intricate of a number of systems, e.g. gesture, proxemics (q.v.), but also architecture, clothing, Glossary 229 etc., which structure communication between human beings. Sometimes loosely used to include only gesture, or only language- related systems. Cf. para-language. sequencing In syllabus design, the establishing of an order for the teaching of items which have been selected. Criteria may include frequency of usage, complexity, generalisability. Cf. selection; grading. sign language (1) A system of gestures as an alternative to spoken language, invented to assist deaf people. This may simply translate the alphabet into movements of the hands and arms, or may use signs to represent particular ideas directly, without spelling out words. (2) (Loosely) the use of gesture to communicate by human beings, e.g. nodding, beckoning, etc. silent way A language teaching procedure associated with Gattegno. Groups of learners are introduced to a new language through a highly structured programme of intricate techniques. The teacher is encouraged to restrict his speech to the minimum so that students are forced to become fully engaged in creating and establishing successful language behaviour themselves. simulation A teaching technique in which students act out languageusing situations with or without preparation. Sometimes distinguished from role play (q.v.) in that in simulation students are expected to behave appropriately in the setting, but the emphasis is not on the adoption of a different personality. situational approach Based on selected situations as settings for language to be taught. Situational syllabuses might organise learning through a sequence of situations. Situational compositions require learners to produce writing appropriate to the demands of specific situations. skill A psychological term loosely used in EFL to cover any learned ability. The ‘four skills’ are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Behaviourist psychology regarded language learning as the acquisition of skills by habit formation. SL Second language. sociolinguistics The study of language in its social setting; typical concerns are class dialects, appropriacy of style and register (q.v.), and social function. speech act What a language user does with a particular utterance; three common speech acts are assertion, question and command. See illocution; perlocution. spiral syllabus A syllabus in which, instead of the traditional linear sequence, the planned course returns regularly to selected areas which are developed and extended. SQ3R A study technique for reading comprehension, consisting of the sequence: survey, question, read, recite, and revise. S-R Stimulus response: a basic concept of behaviourist learning theory. |
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