Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
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teaching-english-as-a-foreign-language-routledge-education-books
TEFL The Teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
TESOL The Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Also the American Association of that name. Address: School of Languages and Linguistics, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA. text A stretch of spoken or written language. TG see transformational/generative grammar. threshold level The Council of Europe term for the specification of a level of minimal competence in a foreign language. See van Ek, 1975. tone group see intonation. transfer The influence of the knowledge of one language on the learning of another. Where the two are similar, positive transfer may take place. Negative transfer, or interference (q.v.), may be found where the two are different. transformation In transformational/generative grammar, the rulegoverned process of producing a surface structure (q.v.) from another, underlying structure. A passive transformation of ‘The dog ate the bone’ is ‘The bone was eaten by the dog’. See deep structure; surface structure. transformational/generative grammar A model of grammar, largely developed by Chomsky, which seeks to account for all possible sentences in a language by a system of transformational rules operating on a small number of basic structures. unit/credit system A Council of Europe scheme to standardise among member states the objectives and validation of foreign language learning by adults. utterance A stretch of spoken or written language, in speech usually marked off by silence before and after. An utterance may vary in length from a single word to a succession of sentences. Glossary 232 vernacular The language spoken by the population at large; the indigenous language. VTR Video-tape recording. weak form The qualitative variation of certain syllables or words in unstressed positions. Some common words like at, of, an, was most frequently occur in their weak forms /ət, əv, ən, wəz/, rather than in their strong forms /æt, ov, æn, woz/. 233 Bibliography Aitchison, J. (1972) General Linguistics, English Universities Press. Aitchison, J. (1978) Linguistics, Hodder & Stoughton, 2nd edn. Alexander, L.G. (1971) Guided Composition in English Teaching, Longman. Allen, J.P.B. and Corder, S.Pit (eds) (1974) The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics, Vol. 3, Techniques in Applied Linguistics, Oxford University Press. Allen, J.P.B. and Corder, S.Pit (1977) The Edinburgh Course in Applied Linguistics, Vol. 4, Testing and Experimental Methods, Oxford University Press. Anderson, W.L. and Stageberg, N.C. (1966) Introductory Readings on Language, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Argyle, M. (1972) The Psychology of Interpersonal Behaviour, Penguin, 2nd edn. Austin, J.L. (1962) How to Do Things with Words, Oxford University Press. Bach, T. and Harris, F.L. (eds) (1968) Universals in Linguistic Theory, New York: Holt. Rinehart & Winston. BBC/British Council (1976) Teaching Observed, 13 films with hand book. Binham, P. (1968) How To Say It, Longman. Bloomfield, L. (1935)Language, Allen & Unwin, revised British edn. Bolinger, D. (ed.) (1972) Intonation, Harmondsworth: Penguin. Bolinger, D. (1975) Aspects of Language, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 2nd edn. Bolinger, D. and Sear, D.A. (1981) Aspects of Language, Harcourt Bruce, 3rd edn. Bright, J.A. and McGregor, G.P. (1970) Teaching English as a Second Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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