Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition
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Glossary
230 Any utterance can be regarded as an automatic response to a stimulus which may be verbal, physical, etc. stress In phonetics, the degree of emphasis or loudness, measurable in terms of intensity, muscular activity or air-pressure. Word-stress is concerned with patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables, cf. photo, photography, photographic; sentence stress is concerned with the pattern of stresses within the utterances which tend to be placed in the words carrying the burden of the actual meaning. stress-timed In English the rhythmic beats occur at fairly regular intervals of time, making it a stress-timed language. Cf. syllable-timed language, like French, where each syllable needs to have equal stress. structure (1) Structure is the way in which parts are formed into a whole. (2) Conventionally, a structure is a grammatical pattern. Structural linguistics is concerned with observable formal relationships and tends to discount subjective and semantic evidence. A structural syllabus or approach takes linguistic structure as its basis for selection, grading, sequencing and basic methodology. See also deep structure and surface structure. study skills Language-related skills which aid study, e.g. use of reference books, note-taking, skimming, interpretation of data. style In applied linguistics, the variation of language most often related to speakers and settings. stylistics Broadly the linguistic analysis of texts in terms of social function; more narrowly, the application of linguistic insights and techniques to literary texts—stylistic analysis. substitution table A device to demonstrate and practise a number of structurally related utterances displayed in a table, e.g.: suggestopedia An approach to learning and teaching developed by Lozanov in Bulgaria. It emphasises confidence and authority on the teacher’s part (marked in language teaching by tightly organised materials and methodology) and relaxed learning (aided by comfortable seating, background music and role play). suprasegmental The term for those features of utterances like stress and intonation which supplement the quality of individual sounds, and often extend beyond the limits of particular phonemes: length, pitch and degree of stress. They are also known as prosodic features. Features of pronunciation are not matters of individual sound segments (q.v.), but of the whole shape of the whole sound of the sentence or utterance. E.g. stress, intonation. surface structure In modern grammar, the linear pattern in which an utterance appears, as opposed to deep structure (q.v.), which is the underlying structural representation which determines meaning. The Glossary 231 ambiguity of the surface structure of ‘Visiting aunts can be boring’ is accounted for by two possible underlying deep structures: (a) Aunts pay visits. Aunts can be boring, (b) I visit aunts. My visits can be boring. syllable-timed see stress-timed. syntagmatic Along the horizontal dimension in grammar, as opposed to the vertical. See paradigm. In the sentences ‘She goes’ and ‘He went’ the relationships between subject and verb are syntagmatic, and the relationships between She/he and goes/went are paradigmatic. syntax see grammar. synthetic syllabus Wilkins’ term for any syllabus which is the cumulative teaching of a sequenced inventory of items. E.g. a grammarbased syllabus. systemic grammar A model grammatical description concerned with networks of systems which underlie an utterance; associated with the work of Halliday. Download 0.82 Mb. Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |
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