Teaching English as a Foreign Language, Second Edition

TEFL The Teaching of English as a Foreign Language.
TESOL The Teaching of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Also the
American Association of that name. Address: School of Languages and
Linguistics, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA.
text A stretch of spoken or written language.
TG see transformational/generative grammar.
threshold level The Council of Europe term for the specification of a level
of minimal competence in a foreign language. See van Ek, 1975.
tone group see intonation.
transfer The influence of the knowledge of one language on the learning of
another. Where the two are similar, positive transfer may take place.
Negative transfer, or interference (q.v.), may be found where the two
are different.
transformation In transformational/generative grammar, the
rulegoverned process of producing a surface structure (q.v.) from
another, underlying structure. A passive transformation of ‘The dog
ate the bone’ is ‘The bone was eaten by the dog’. See deep structure;
surface structure.
transformational/generative grammar A model of grammar, largely
developed by Chomsky, which seeks to account for all possible
sentences in a language by a system of transformational rules operating
on a small number of basic structures.
unit/credit system A Council of Europe scheme to standardise among
member states the objectives and validation of foreign language
learning by adults.
utterance A stretch of spoken or written language, in speech usually
marked off by silence before and after. An utterance may vary in length
from a single word to a succession of sentences.

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Glossary
232
vernacular The language spoken by the population at large; the indigenous
language.
VTR Video-tape recording.
weak form The qualitative variation of certain syllables or words in
unstressed positions. Some common words like at, of, an, was most
frequently occur in their weak forms /ət, əv, ən, wəz/, rather than in
their strong forms /æt, ov, æn, woz/.

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233
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